Emulsion compositions

A number of azetidine-based compounds have been disclosed in patent applications from Aventis Pharma for CBi-modulated treatment of diseases such as obesity, Parkinson s disease, schizophrenia, respiratory and neurological diseases [330-334]. Compound (556) was specifically claimed for use in two formulation patent applications [330, 331] for a stable semi-solid composition and oral emulsion composition, respectively. The optional coadministration of an agent that activates norepinephrinergic and se-rotoninergic neurotransmission (for example, sibutramine) or dopaminergic neurotransmission was also claimed for the treatment of obesity. The optional use of a dopamine agonist (for example, levodopa) was claimed... 

Patent Number US 5446072 A 19950829 EMULSION COMPOSITIONS FOR FLAMEPROOF FOAM SHEET... 

A turbine with a preferred gas setting in the range 0.5-1.15 mm is used to produce the emulsions. The mixture may be recycled a number of times through the turbine or a series of turbines. Alternatively, a coarse dispersion may be produced and subsequently homogenized in the turbine. Although the patents cover emulsion compositions of 13-50% sulfur, 16.5-39% is the preferred range. 

Vega, C., Roos, Y.H. (2006). Spray-dried dairy and daiiy-like emulsions — compositional considerations. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 383-401. 

Figure 4.43 Products by microwave heating at 180°C for 17 min from micro-emulsion compositions (A and C) and traditional hydrothermal conditions without microemulsion (E). Reproduced with permission from [148], Copyright (2003) American Chemical Society...

The Function of Poly(acrylic acid) Thickeners in Emulsion Compositions. Poly(acrylic acid) thickeners are used in many commercial emulsion formulations. In general, the poly(acrylic acid) thickeners are not adsorbed at the oil-water interface and, therefore, cannot, by themselves, prevent coalescence of the emulsion droplets. Primary emulsifiers are required for emulsification and stabilization of the emulsion droplets against coalescence. Poly(acrylic acid) thickeners are now used principally to modify the rheology of the continuous water phase and to confer viscosity and yield value on that phase. As a consequence, emulsion droplets are effectively suspended, and creaming of the emulsion is prevented. 

Fig. 6.11 Flocculation degree (a) for emulsions with V2 = 0.1 and interfacial tension y (b) as a function of the emulsion composition...

Much preliminary work was needed to determine quantities and coiqiosl-tlons of emulsions to be used and the hydrodynamics df the membrane system, and to develop an assay for toluene and heptane In the various streams. This series of experiments is detailed by Murrer (17). Based on his work, the emulsion compositions listed In Table I were chosen for the continuous feasibility study. Inlet and outlet... 

In such a system, the rate of oxidation is influenced by the emulsion composition (relative concentrations of substrate and emulsifier) and especially, by the partition of the emulsifier between the interface and the water phases. Other factors influencing lipid oxidation in emulsions are particle size of the oil droplets, the ratio of oxidizable to non-oxidizable compounds in the emulsion droplets, and the packing properties of the surface-active molecules. In addition, the amount and composition of the oil phase in an emulsion are important factors that influence oxidative stability, formation of volatiles, and partition of the decomposition products, between the oil and water phase. 

Tonon RV, Grosso CRF, Hubinger MD (2011) Influence of emulsion composition and inlet air temperature on the microencapsulation of flaxseed oil by spray drying. Food Research International 44 282-289. doi 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.10.018. 

Physicochemical and end-use properties of the bulk powder such as rehydration, density (bulk and packed), flowability, hygroscopicity, mechanical resistance, porosity, etc. Depending on the emulsion composition, the gas content of the drop, the drying conditions, and the dry particles may be compact or hollow, with a different distribution of aroma. 

Table 4 represents the dry adsorbed emulsion composition with chlorpheniramine maleate. Aerosil was used to cover the oil phase. 

Table 4 Chlorpheniramine Maleare Di - dsorbed Emulsion Composition...

Figure 31 Changes in G G , and S for increasing stress at fixed frequency in double emulsions. The double-emulsion composition of the W/0 emulsion is 24% oil, various lipo-philic surfactant concentrations, and 0.7% MgSOq. The 0/ W/0 emulsion contains 80% water in oil, 2% hydrophilic surfactant, and demineralized water. (From Ref 102.)...

The breaking rate can be changed by altering the emulsion composition, namely, the amount of emulsifier, bitumen and additives. In a cationic bitumen emulsion, if the amount of emulsifier and the bitumen content is reduced, or if the amount of acid or the acid/emulsi-fier ratio is increased, the rate of breaking is reduced. Additionally, a reduction on the size of the bitumen globules and its size distribution also reduces the breaking rate. In case an increase of breaking rate is required, fluctuation of the above parameters should be reversed (Nikolaides 1983). 

A number of factors affect the rheology of emulsions composition, the viscosity ratio of the dispersed-to-matrix phase (1 s 7/2/771), the droplet size and its distribution, rheology of the interphase, and so on. Often, well-stabilized emulsions follow the viscosity-concentration relationships developed for hard sphere suspensions, including the yield phenomena. In contrast, emulsions with deformable dispersed... 

There are two common types of continuous reactors continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) (53), and plug flow reactors (PFRs). CSTRs are simply large tanks that are ideally well-mixed (such that the emulsion composition is uniform throughout the entire reactor volume) in which the polymerisation takes place. CSTRs are operated at a constant overall conversion. CSTRs are often used in series or trains to build up conversion incrementally. Styrene-butadiene rubber has been produced in this manner. Not all latex particles spend the same amount of time polymerising in a CSTR. Some particles exit sooner than others, producing a distribution of particle residence times, diameters and compositions. 

J. E. Diederichs. H. Weyhers. and R. H, Muller. Parenteral fat emulsions Effect of emulsion composition on the micrOvi.scosity of the emulsifier film. Proc. I8lh. Int. Symp, Control, Rei, Biottet, Mai., 1991. pp. 471-472. 

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