Emulsifiers adjuvant effect

An example from our own laboratory shows that the seram antibody responses achieved following inoculation of a synthetic peptide covalently coupled to PamSCys are comparable to those achieved when the peptide is emulsified in Freund s complete adjuvant. In contrast, attachment of other lipid components including palmitic acid or cholesterol had little or no adjuvanting effect (Fig.6). 

In the utilization of petroleum oils in the field of chemical weed control, oils function as toxicants, as solvents, as filming agents, and as carriers. In view of the very effective synthetic compounds now used as toxicants (substituted phenols), the toxicity of the oils themselves is somewhat less important than it once was. Oils may serve as adjuvants in formulations involving 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, dinitro compounds, trichloroacetates, and others. They have the unique property of aiding in the contact, spreading, and penetration of herbicides. In addition, synthesis of wetting agents, emulsifiers, and special herbicides may be dependent on petroleum products. 

The apparent hydrophobicity of A. cassiae spores prevents even dispersion in aqueous spray systems without the use of a surfactant. Although non-ionic surfactants such as Sterox NJ (nonoxynol (9 to 10 POE) [a-(p-nonylphenyl)-(o-hydroxypoly (oxyethylene)]) have been used to disperse A. cassiae spores (1 ), it was found that emulsified oils are superior to non-ionic surfactants for this purpose (liD (Figure 9). This may be attributed to the fact that binding of A. cassiae spores to the host is superior when emulsified oils 1% (v/v) are included in the spray solution. When drying time following host inoculation with A. cassiae spores is varied prior to 0.6 cm simulated rainfall, efficacy of this bioherbicide on sicklepod is increased in the presence of emulsified oils compared to non-ionic surfactants (Figure 10). The adhesive effect of oils, surfactants, and other spray adjuvants is known (AJL). ... 

Table 6.5 shows droplet size data obtained in a wind tunnel with a commercial insecticide formulation, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) formulation of endosulfan. The formulation, mixture and any added adjuvants can have a significant effect upon droplet production, and should be evaluated where specific spectra are required. 

Chitosan also has hypocholesterolemic effects and acts as an adjuvant to weight loss in rat studies [31,32]. Studies have reported that chitosan reduced the concentration of plasma cholesterol in animals [33,34] and type If diabetes patients in combination with hypercholesterolemia [33]. This property is being attributed to the positive charge of the molecule that binds to fatty acids (released from consumed fat) and bile salt components, which results in disrupted lipid absorption in the gut [5]. Also, chitosan is dissolved in the stomach, emulsifying the fat and forming a gel in the intestine which entraps fat and prevents intestinal absorption [35,36]. Chitosan forms a floccule in the duodenum which entraps dietary oil [37]. However, these effects are still controversial [31,38,39]. Actually, van Bennekum et al. [32] suggested that the incorporation of chitosan in the diet of rats reduces cholesterol (food) intake, but did not affect either intestinal cholesterol absorption or faecal sterol output. 

Water-in-oil emulsions, consisting of a aqueous antigen solution dispersed in a mineral oil phase with the aid of lipophihc emulsifier, have been prepared to act as efficient immunological adjuvants (Figure 12.2) over a long period of time. It is suggested that in addition to the depot effect, the oil attracts mononuclear cells about the antigen that take part in the antibody production and... 

Uses Adjuvant for pesticides exc. penetrator and is esp. effective with postemergence herbicide and desiccant/defoliant sprays well-suited for use under adverse weather conditions inc. stability of some volatile herbicides Reguiatory DOT nonregulated SAFtA reportable Properties Red cl, si, viscous liq. mild polyether odor emulsifies in water sp.gr. 

Toxicology TDLo (subcut., mouse) 50 mg/kg experimental reproductive effects Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits toxic fumes of NO and Cl-Uses Surfactant, conditioner, and antistat for cosmetics, hair and skin care prods. conditioner, softener, emollient, emulsifier in pharmaceuticals coemulsifier antistat for textiles and other applies. fabric softener for nat. and syn. fibers surfactant, adjuvant for pesticide use dilutions on growing crops in cellophane for food... 

The 18 nonionic fluorinated surfactants studied exhibited hardly any significant herbicidal activity. Foliar spray application had only weak effects on plant life and the herbicidal activity was even weaker for fluorinated surfactants with a longer oxyethylene chain. None of the surfactants tested were strong fungicides. Based on these results, the authors concluded that the fluorinated surfactants tested can be used safely as adjuvants, such as emulsifiers and dispersants, for agricultural chemicals. 

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