Emamectin benzoate

Emamectin (Slice), registered for use in aquaculture in Europe, 3 220t Emamectin benzoate, 14 347 Emanuel Tire process, 21 470—471 Embedded passives, 10 15 Embedding, 10 1-30. See also Encapsulation... 

Emamectin benzoate is a semisynthetic avermectin that is derived from fermentation of avermectin B. It contains a mixture of 4" epimethylamino-4"-deoxy-avermectin B,a and Bjb benzoate salts. Emamectin benzoate is a stomach poison insecticide active against lepi-dopterous pests in vegetables, cotton, maize, peanuts, soybeans, and strawberries. Its oral LD50 in rats is 1516 mg/kg. 

GABA-gated chloride channels Cyclodienes, lindane, phenylpyrazoles, Avermectins, emamectin benzoate, milbemectin Antagonism Chloride channel activators... 

To date, three compounds from this group of chloride channel activators (aba-mectin, emamectin benzoate, and milbemectin) have been commercialized in crop protection. In addition, a development compound has become known as lepimectin (provisionally approved ISO common name). In this introduction, the origin, synonyms and physicochemical properties of the marketed compounds [1] are summarized (see Tables 29.6.1 and 29.6.2). Further aspects will be discussed in detail in the following sections, such as their mode of action, discovery, chemistry, insecticidal activity, agronomic use, and safety. Several recent reviews cover... 

Emamectin benzoate is produced by chemical synthesis from abamectin (Table 29.6.2) [14-17]. The extreme potency of this compound against Lepidoptera was discovered by Merck scientists [18], Emamectin benzoate was introduced to the market by Novartis (now Syngenta Crop Protection AG) in 1997. 

Table 29.6.6 summarizes selected toxicological and ecotoxicological data [1] of abamectin, emamectin benzoate, and milbemectin. The products are removed... 

Emamectin benzoate is used in many countries, mainly in all kinds of vegetable crops, such as brassicas, fruiting and leafy vegetables, but also in cotton (Table... 

Emamectin benzoate controls all agronomically important Lepidoptera in vegetables and cotton. Typical application rates for these uses are in the range 8.4-16.8 g-a.i. ha . Some additional uses are the control of some pests in tea and of pine wood nematode in pine trees in Japan. 

The long-lasting activity of fiubendiamide on cabbage leaves has been investigated under glasshouse conditions (Fig. 31.8). Fiubendiamide showed sufficient residual activity on treated leaves for more than 4 weeks. The activity was on the level of cyhalothrin, and superior to methomyl and emamectine-benzoate. It was also confirmed that the control efficacy of fiubendiamide persists for about 2-3 weeks in many crops under field conditions at the recommended rate in Japan, 100 and 50 mg-a.i. [9, 13]. 

L. Gustafson, S. Ellis, T. Robinson, F. Marenghi and R. Endris, Efficacy of emamectin benzoate against sea-lice infestations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. evaluation in the absence of an untreated contemporary control, J. Fish Dis., 2006, 29, 621-627. 

A. Ramstad, D. J. Colquhoun, R. Nordmo, I. H. Sutherland and R. Simmons, Field trials in Norway with SLICE (0.2% emamectin benzoate) for the oral treatment of sea lice infestation in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, Dis. Aquat. Organ., 2002, 50, 29-33. 

J. Stone, I. H. Sutherland, C. S. Sommerville, R. H. Richards and K. J. Varma, The efficacy of emamectin benzoate as an oral treatment of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer), infestations in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., J. Fish Dis., 1999, 22, 261-270. 

K. J. Willis and N. Ling, The toxicity of emamectin benzoate an aquaculture pesticide, to planktonic marine copepods. Aquaculture, 2003, 221, 289-297. 

Emamectin benzoate [avermectin Bl, 4"-deoxy-4"-(methylamino)-,(4"R)-,benzoate (salt)] (Slice)... 

BRAVO, s., SEVATDAL, s. HORSBERG, T.E. (2008) Sensitivity assessment of Caligus rogercresseyi to emamectin benzoate in Chile. Aquaculture, 282,7-12. 

HAKALAHTi, T., LANKiNEN, Y. VALTONEN, E.T. (2004) Efficacy of emamectin benzoate in the control of Argulus coregoni (Crustacea Branchiura) on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 60,197-204. 

LEES, F., BAiLLiE, M., GETTiNBY, G. REViE, c.w. (2008a) The efficacy of emamectin benzoate against infestations of Lepeophtheirus salmonis on farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo solar L.) in Scotland, 2002-2006. PLoS ONE, 3, el549. 

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