Chlorine elemental

Other Reactions of Diketene. Diketene reacts with elemental chlorine to give 4-chloroacetoacetyl chloride [41295-64-17, which can further react to the corresponding esters (111). 

For many waste streams, electrical efficiencies are compromised owing to the corrosivity of the solution toward the precipitated metals and/or the low concentrations of metals that must be removed. The presence of chloride in the solution is particularly troublesome because of the formation of elemental chlorine at the anode. Several commercial cells have become available that attempt to address certain of these problems (19). 

The organic chemistry of sulfuryl chloride involves its use in chlorination and sulfonation (172,175,196,197). As a chlorinating agent, sulfuryl chloride is often mote selective than elemental chlorine. The use of sulfuryl chloride as a chlorinating agent often allows mote convenient handling and measurement as well as better temperature control because of the lower heat of reaction as compared with chlorine. Sulfuryl chloride sometimes affords better selectivity than chlorine in chlorination of active methylene compounds (198—200) ... 

Ana.lysls. The available chlorine (av CI2) in hypochlorite solutions or soHds is deterrnined by reaction with aqueous KI, followed by acidification with either acetic or sulfutic acid and titration of the Hberated iodine with standard thiosulfate. The av CI2 in a hypochlorite is a measure of the oxidi2ing capacity expressed in terms of elemental chlorine one hypochlorite ion is equivalent to one CI2 molecule. Thus pure Ca(OCl)2 has an av CI2 of 2 x mol wt... 

Elemental chlorine is used in industrial appHcations, but chlorine is more readily dispensed in the form of hypochlorites. Chlorine reacts with water to give hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid. 

Chloroanthraquinone [82-44-0] (41) is an intermediate for manufacturing vat dyes such as Cl Vat Brown 1. 1-Chloroanthraquinone is prepared by chlorination of anthraquinone-l-sulfonic acid with sodium chlorate in hydrochloric acid at elevated temperature (61). An alternative route from 1-nitroanthraquinone (18) using elemental chlorine at high temperature has been reported (62). 

The first pubHshed information on the halogenation of butyl mbber was provided by B. F. Goodrich Co. (2). Brominating agents such as /V-bromosuccinimide were used the bromination occurred ia a bulk reaction. This technology was commercialized ia 1954, but withdrawn ia 1969 (3). Exxon Chemical researchers pursued the chlorination of butyl mbber ia hexane solution usiag elemental chlorine, and a continuous process was commercialized ia 1961 (4). Currentiy, both chlorination and bromination are carried out ia continuous-solution processes. 

Halobutyls. Chloro- and bromobutyls are commercially the most important butyl mbber derivatives. The halogenation reaction is carried out in hydrocarbon solution using elemental chlorine or bromine (equimolar ratio with enchained isoprene). The halogenation is fast, and proceeds mainly by an ionic mechanism. The stmctures that may form include the following ... 

Halogenated Butyl Rubber. The halogenation is carried out in hydrocarbon solution using elemental chlorine or bromine in a 1 1 molar ratio with enchained isoprene. The reactions ate fast chlorination is faster. Both chlorinated and brominated butyl mbbers can be produced in the same plant in blocked operation. However, there are some differences in equipment and reaction conditions. A longer reaction time is requited for hromination. Separate faciUties are needed to store and meter individual halogens to the reactor. Additional faciUties are requited because of the complexity of stabilising brominated butyl mbber. 

It is important to produce HCl rather than elemental chlorine, CI2, because HCl can be easily scmbbed out of the exhaust stream, whereas CI2 is very difficult to scmb from the reactor off-gas. If the halogenated hydrocarbon is deficient in hydrogen relative to that needed to produce HCl, low levels of water vapor may be needed in the entering stream (45) and an optional water injector may be utilized. For example, trichloroethylene [79-01 -6] C2HCI2, and carbon tetrachloride require some water vapor as a source of hydrogen (45). 

Halogenated compound A compound that contains one or more of the elements chlorine, bromine, fluorine, or iodine as a part of its structure. 

We interpret this to mean that, in elemental chlorine, 75.53% of the atoms have a mass of 34.97 amu, and the remaining atoms, 24.47% of the total, have a mass of36.97 amu. With this information we can readily calculate the atomic mass of chlorine using the general equation... 

Sodium chloride is a compound of an element, chlorine, which just precedes an inert gas, and... 

The formation of several oxidation states is typical of the elements on the right side of the periodic table. We have already discussed in Chapter 19 the fact that chlorine can exist in the + 1, +3, +5, and +7 oxidation states as well as in the — 1 state. In its compounds, chlorine is most often found in the — 1 state. This preponderance of — 1 compounds shows that elemental chlorine behaves as an oxidizing agent in most of its reactions. 

Green chemistry methods, which use nontoxic j[il 1 chemicals, are replacing elemental chlorine for the... 

Of all the elements, fluorine is the most chemically reactive. It combines directly with other elements. Chlorine is slightly less reactive. Both are gases at room temperature which is an important advantage in delivery and metering. Because of their reactivity, they form halides readily, but also attack most materials which makes them difficult to handle and requires equipment designed with inert materials such as Monel or Teflon. Halogens are also toxic, fluorine more so than chlorine by an order of magnitude. 

There are a number of other methods to prepare crude sulfane oils, e.g., from hquid H2S and elemental chlorine or bromine [10] or by reaction of H2S with sulfur fluorides [10] or sulfur chlorides [20] but these processes are of httle practical importance. 

In its reactions SsO shows properties typical for both sulfur homocycles and sulfoxides. With elemental chlorine SOCI2 and S2CI2 are formed, with bromine SOBr2 and S2Br2 are obtained. Water decomposes SsO to H2S and SO2 besides elemental sulfur while cyanide ions expectedly produce thiocyanate. The reaction with iodide in the presence of formic acid is used for the iodometric determination of the oxygen content [70] ... 

A convenient modification of the Gassman oxindole synthesis was reported using ethyl (methylsulfinyl)acetate (101) activated by oxalyl chloride to generate the same chlorosulfonium salt 102 normally generated from ethyl (methylthio)acetate 100 and elemental chlorine <96TL4631>. Thus, treatment of the sulfoxide 101 with oxalyl chloride, followed by the addition of the desired aniline, triethylamine, and finally acid cyclization of 103 affords the oxindoles 104. This procedure is particularly convenient for reactions carried out on smaller scales and for anilines that ate susceptible to electrophiUc halogenation. 

A solid that contains cations and anions in balanced whole-number ratios is called an ionic compound. Sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt, is a simple example. Sodium chloride can form through the vigorous chemical reaction of elemental sodium and elemental chlorine. The appearance and composition of these substances are very different, as Figure 2-24 shows. Sodium is a soft, silver-colored metal that is an array of Na atoms packed closely together. Chlorine is a faintly yellow-green toxic gas made up of diatomic, neutral CI2 molecules. When these two elements react, they form colorless ciystals of NaCl that contain Na and Cl" ions in a 1 1 ratio. 

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