Electrothermal atomization nickel

Aqueous standard solutions are a source of certain difficulties In electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry of trace metals In biological fluids The viscosities and surface tensions of aqueous standard solutions are substantially less than the viscosities and surface tensions of serum, blood and other proteln-contalnlng fluids These factors Introduce volumetric disparities In pipetting of standard solutions and body fluids, and also cause differences In penetration of these liquids Into porous graphite tubes or rods Preliminary treatment of porous graphite with xylene may help to minimize the differences of liquid penetration (53,67) A more satisfactory solution of this problem Is preparation of standards In aqueous solutions of metal-free dextran (50-60 g/llter), as first proposed by Pekarek et al ( ) for the standardization of serum chromium analyses This practice has been used successfully by the present author for standardization of analyses of serum nickel The standard solutions which are prepared In aqueous dextran resemble serum In regard to viscosity and surface tension Introduction of dextran-contalnlng standard solutions Is an Important contribution to electrothermal atomic absorption analysis of trace metals In body fluids. 

Brown SS, Nomoto S, Stoeppler M, Sunderman FW Jr (1981) lUPAC reference method for analysis of nickel in serum and urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Clin Biochem 14 295-299. 

Acar 0, Kn ic Z, Turker AR (1999) Determination of bismuth, indium and lead in geological and sea-water samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with nickel containing chemical modifiers. Anal Chim Acta 382 329-338. 

Xu Y, Liang Y. 1997. Combined nickel and phosphate modifier for lead determination in water by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 12(4) 471-474. 

Nishioka et al. [525] coprecipitated nickel from seawater with sodium di-ethyldithiocarbamate, filtered, and redissolved the precipitate with nitric acid followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotography determination of the nickel. The detection limit was 0.5 p,g/l and the relative standard deviation was 13.2% at the 2 ig/l level. 

Chakraborti et al. [665] determined cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, and lead in seawater by chelation with diethyldithiocarbamate from a 500 ml sample, extraction into carbon tetrachloride, evaporation to dryness, and redissolution in nitric acid prior to determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in amounts ranging from 10 pg (cadmium) to 250 pg (nickel). 

Chang et al. [952] used a miniature column packed with a chelating resin and an automatic online preconcentration system for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry to determine cadmium, cobalt, and nickel in seawater. Detection limits of 0.12,7 and 35 ng/1 were achieved for cadmium, cobalt, and nickel, respectively, with very small sample volume required (400-1800 xl). 

The elements covered are aluminium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, vanadium, and zinc. Electrothermal atomic absorption and anodic and cathodic scanning voltammetric methods are discussed. 

J. C. Rodriguez-Garcia, J. Barciela-Garcia, C. Herrero-Latorre, S. Garcia-Martin and R. M. Pena-Crecente, Direct and combined methods for the determination of chromium, copper and nickel in honey by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53(17), 2005, 6616-6623. 

M. T. Siles Cordero, E. I. Vereda Alonso, P. Canada Rudner, A. Garcia de Torres and J. M. Cano Pavon, Computer-assisted simplex optimisation of an on-line preconcentration system for determination of nickel in seawater by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 14(7), 1999, 1033-1037. 

In 140 water samples from the river Saale, sampled from 1986 to 1988 according to the technique described in Section 8.1.1.1, the heavy metals iron and zinc were determined using flame AAS and lead, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, and nickel by AAS with electrothermal atomization in the soluble fraction (particle diameter <0.45 pm). The sampling points, located in Thuringia (Germany), are illustrated in Fig. 8-7. The method of standard addition, with three additions, was used to minimize matrix effects. The components ammonium, chloride, magnesium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, oxygen,... 

Long, X., M. Miro, R. Jensen, and E.H. Hansen. 2006. Highly selective micro-sequential injection lab-on-valve (pSI-LOV) method for the determination of ultra-trace concentrations of nickel in saline matrices using detection by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 386 739-748. 

Flame methods are the conventional atomization sources used in MS for industrial hygiene (Table I). Air/acetylene at 2150-2400°C is used for the easily atomized elements like lead, cadmium, and zinc. Refractory metals such as tungsten or vanadium require hotter nitrous oxide/acetylene atomization at 2600-2800 C. The need for greater sensitivity and multielement analysis from a single filter has increased the use of electrothermal atomization for tin, vanadium, nickel, and other difficult elements. Formation of hydrides combined with flame atomization has been used in some cases to increase sensitivity. 

Alvarado, J., Leon, L.E., Lopez, F., Lima, C. Comparison of conventional and microwave wet acid digestion procedures for the determination of iron, nickel and vanadium in coal by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3, 135-138 (1988)... 

Atomic fluorescence spectrometry may be the most sensitive of the four techniques — particularly with laser assistance it has rarely been used with solid or slurry sampling and largely for determinations of metals in biological fluids, urine [105-107] and blood [106-110], Typical examples of solid sampling with this technique include the determination of Li in lithium oxalate [111], Ti in electrothermal atomizers [112], Pb and T1 in nickel-based alloys [113], and Co in high-purity tin [114],... 

Patients undergoing dialysis are exposed to Ni and accumulate Ni in blood and other organs. There appear to be no adverse health effects from this exposure.Nickel is quantified by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

A modification of the GFAAS method for determining selenium levels in human urine was described by Saeed (1986). In this electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (EAAS) method, nitric acid, nickel, and platinum are added to the graphite cell. The addition of nickel helps to mask the spectral interference from phosphates in urine. EAAS has been used to determine selenium levels in human spermatozoa (Suistomaa et al. 1987). 

Pyrolysis can also be used in flow-based determinations with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, as demonstrated in the determination of nickel in environmental and biological reference materials using a sequential injection system with renewable beads [313]. After analyte sorption, the beads were directed towards the furnace of the spectrometer and stopped there pyrolysis was accomplished as usual in order to release the analyte and destroy the beads. This innovation has often been exploited in the lab-on-valve system, but spectrophotometric applications have not been proposed to date. 

J.B.B. Silva, M.B.O. Giacomelli, I.G. Souza, A.J. Curtius, Automated determination of tin and nickel in brass by on-line anodic electrodissolution and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta 47 (1998) 1191. 

Analytical Methods and Speclatlon Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ETAAS), differential pulse adsorption voltammetry (DPAV), isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (ID-MS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) furnish the requisite sensitivity for measurements of nickel concentrations in biological, technical and environmental samples (Aggarwal et al. 1989, Case et al. 2001, Stoeppler and Ostapczuk 1992, Templeton 1994, Todorovska et al. 2002, Vaughan and Templeton 1990, Welz and Sperling 1999). The detection limits for nickel determinations by ETAAS analysis with Zeeman background correction are approximately 0.45 jg for urine,... 

Ivanova E, Benkhedda K and Adams F (1998) Determination of copper, manganese and nickel in biological samples and sea-water by flow injection on-line sorption preconcentration in a knotted reactor coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. J Anal Atom Spectrom 13 527—531. 

Alvarado, J. and A.R. Cristiano Determination of cadmium, cobalt, iron, nickel, and lead in Venezuelan cigarettes by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry ... 

Sunderman, Jr, F.W., Hopfer, S.M., Crisostomo, M.C. and Stoeppler, M. (1986) Rapid analysis of nickel in urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Annal. Clin. Lab. Sci. 16, 219. 

Sunderman, Jr., F.W., Marzouk, A., Crisostomo, M.C. and Weatherby, D.R. (1985). Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry of nickel in tissue homogenates. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 15, 299-307. 

Christensen, J.M. and Pedersen, L.M. (1986). Enzymatic digestion of whole blood for improved determination of cadmium, nickel and chromium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry Measurements in rheumatoid arthritis and normal humans. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 59, 399-402. 

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