Electromagnetic properties

Electrical Resistivity (pfl cm). In the low-temperature range 0.07 K the electrical resistivity po is independent of the temperature and will be only determined by the impurity level. 

In order to calculate p within different temperature ranges, equations have been set up  

Moreover, the resistivity is influenced by all kinds of lattice defects (vacancies, dislocations, grain boundaries, etc.) and impurities. 

Some selected values near and above room temperature are listed in Table 1.16. The resistivity of liquid tungsten close to the melting point and at 5000 K was given as 131 pfJ cm and 160 cm, respectively [1.84]. 

The resistivity of thin films depends on microstructure, impurity content, and surface roughness. These properties are the consequence of deposition conditions, substrate temperature, and annealing. Therefore, a wide scatter of values was observed, for example, between 6 and 20 pQ cm at 30 K [1.35]. Under certain deposition conditions, metastable P-W forms, which has a significantly higher bulk resistivity (approximately 10 times that of the thermodynamically stable a-W phase). 

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The electromagnetic properties of steels depend on their composition, their microstructures and applied stresses. It is therefore natural to try to use magnetic and electrical parameters of steels to evaluate their microstructure. 

Because of the extreme difficulty in handling fluorine, reported physical properties (Table 1) show greater than normal variations among investigators. A detailed summary and correlation of the physical, thermodynamic, transport, and electromagnetic properties of fluorine is given in Reference 20. 

For a lower range of motors, say up to a frame size of 355, the silicon steel normally used for stator and rotor core laminations is universally 0.5-0.65 mm thick and possesses a high content of silicon for achieving better electromagnetic properties. The average content of silicon in such sheets is of the order of 1.3-0.8% and a core loss of roughly 2.3-3.6 W/kg, determined al a flux density of I W[ym and a frequency of 50 Hz. For medium-sized motors, in frames 400-710, silicon steel with a still better content of silicon, of the order of 1.3-1.8% having lower losses of the order of 2.3-1.8 W/kg is prefeired, with a thickness of lamination of 0.5-0.35 mm. 

To illustrate the use of the vector operators described in the previous section, consider the equations of Maxwell. In a vacuum they provide the basic description of an electromagnetic field in terms of the vector quantifies the electric field and 9C the magnetic field The definition of the field in a dielectric medium requires the introduction of two additional quantities, the electric displacement SH and the magnetic induction. The macroscopic electromagnetic properties of the medium are then determined by Maxwell s equations, viz. 

A range of metals including iron, copper, cobalt, permalloy and nickel were used to form conductive and paramagnetic coatings on the halloysite clay. These conductive small particles may then be used in polymeric systems to form composites with interesting electromagnetic properties. 

Statistical Mechanics and Electromagnetic Properties of Matter (Mazur). ... 

Besides the crust and the hadron shell, the hybrid star contains also a quark core. Both the nucleon shell and the quark core can be in superconducting phases, in dependence on the value of the temperature. Fluctuations affect transport coefficients, specific heat, emissivity, masses of low-lying excitations and respectively electromagnetic properties of the star, like electroconductivity and magnetic field structure, e.g., renormalizing critical values of the magnetic field (/ ,, Hc, Hc2). 

Zhan, Y., et al., Preparation, characterization and electromagnetic properties of carbon nanotubes/Fe304 inorganic hybrid material. Applied Surface Science, 2011. 257(9) p. 4524-4528. 

The calculation of polarizabilities is one of the research topics Jens Oddershede is working on since the beginning of his career [1-21], Already in one of his first papers he discussed the dipole polarizability of HF [1] and returned to it several times later [3,6,13,14,18]. Therefore, we decided to contribute to this special issue with a study of static dipole and quadrupole polarizabilities which are still one of the most studied electromagnetic properties. 

New experiments increase constantly the requirements on the quality and range of calculated electromagnetic properties. State-of-the-art quantum chemical methods can meet the experimental demands and there are numerous articles treating the electric polarizability at the highest level of accuracy. Nevertheless, also only a few of them treat the dependence of the tensor components of the polarizability on the internuclear distance far from the molecular equilibrium geometry. However, there are several good reasons for such studies. 

Property parameters. The physical property parameters include state of matter, phase equilibrium, thermal, mechanical, optical, and electromagnetic properties. The chemical property parameters include preparation, reactivity, reactants and products, kinetics, flash point, and explosion limit. The biological property parameters include toxicity, physiological and pharmaceutical effects, nutrition value, odor, and taste. 

For the purposes of this chapter, we limit the discussion to /a-oxo bridged clusters. Model compounds of binuclear octahedral iron without oxo bridges have electromagnetic properties different from the related clusters with ju-oxo bridges (Surerus et al. (1989) only the fi-oxo bridged clusters have been found in proteins so far. 

Calculation of electromagnetic properties within the formalism of relativistic quantum electrodynamics (QED). 

Erma, V. A., 1969. Exact solution for the scattering of electromagnetic waves from bodies of arbitrary shape III. Obstacles with arbitrary electromagnetic properties, Phys. Rev., 179, 1238-1246. 

The demand for advanced materials with superior mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, magnetic, electro-optical, and electromagnetic properties is ever increasing. Most advanced materials, until recently, have been formed empirically by solid state methods. Further progress in the generation of advanced materials with preselected properties demands innovative chemical tailoring and, thus, a fundamental understanding of interactions and reactions at atomic, molecular, and supramolecular levels. 

Normally the second-order crossover is completed in a pressure span 50 kB. In the case of SmS the first-order transition coming at 6 — 1/2 kB (at 300 K) precipitates the compound almost from the onset of crossover to a stage (as gauged from the observed lattice contraction) approximately 3/4 of the way through the ICF state. Possibly 30 kB more brings a completion of crossover (5), and a termination of the (ICF) anomalous electromagnetic properties (see App 4). 

Electromagnetic Properties of Matter, and Statistical Mechanics (Mazur).1 309... 

It is interesting that vacuum properties are determined and connected only by the properties of charged particles, and consequently only the properties of charged particles determine the electromagnetic properties of the vacuum. Particles that travel through the vacuum have another important property mass. However, this property and its magnitude are completely neglected. Our position is that the vacuum should have properties, that are connected with the mass of the particles, as well. A treatise on quantum mass theory (QMT) [4] elaborates on such properties of the vacuum. 

First of all, why are the electromagnetic properties of molecules worth investigation There are generally two reasons, the first of which is to enable one to calculate experimentally useful quantities in order to make new predictions apart from multipoles and polarizabilities themselves there are quantities that arise in the theory of the interaction between radiation and matter it is trite but true to say that the whole of spectroscopy and of light scattering depend on electromagnetic properties. In many... 

When the eigenvectors from these different fits for a given nucleus were then used to calculate electromagnetic properties, such as transition rates and quadrupole moments, the results were found to agree with one another within 10%. 

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