Treated articles

The required extent of durabiUty depends on the use of the treated article. For example, an antistatic finish that is removed after several launderings would be termed nondurable for blankets to be used in hospitals and motels where static protection through over fifty launderings is desirable. However, the same finish appHed to blankets for household use which would be laundered once or twice per year could be termed durable. Antistatic finishes have been widely reviewed (73—75,77,86,90—95). 

In another study, 0.25%- pynelhrins + 1. 0% PBO applied from domestic aerosol cans protected woollen cloth from attack by webbing clothes moths for up to 27 months and by carpet beetles for shorter periods when the treated articles were stored in the dark (Bry et vl., 1477). 

In the United States the Treated Article Pesticide Registration (PR) Notice 2001-1 provides guidance on what products are required to be registered as mentioned... 

Yamada T, Taylor PH, Buck RC, Kaiser MA, Giraud RH (2005) Thermal degradation of fluorotelomer treated articles and related materials. Chemospheie 61 974—984... 

Acute, oral contact with contaminated or treated articles... 

For all the exposed environmental compartments, PEC values have to be determined from the manufacture, use and disposal of the active substance(s) contained within the biocidal product. In addition, PEC values may have to be determined for the fate of a treated article. 

The impact of health, safety and environmental controls has been significant to the wood preservation industry from a variety of standpoints. Superficially, it might be expected that the greatest impact would be from the restriction of specific actives or components, but it should be realized that the impact on the wood protection industry is far more significant than this, including manufacturing, distribution, use and disposal of the treated article. 

There is a growing trend within the industry towards more stringent specifications of wood preservative treatment according to the performance requirements of the commodity in use. This is driven by both the cost of the treated article but also the understanding of the relationship between preservative retention and service life within a given hazard class. This particularly applies to the use of alternative treatment methods such as superficial application of biocides in place of the more conventional pressure impregnation process. 

The fluoropol)mier needs to be in the solution for a brief duration ranging from 2-10 seconds.1 1 Ammonia rapidly volatilizes after the article is removed from the bath. Sodium can be removed by dipping the treated article into ethyl alcohol. Too long of an immersion time actually weakens the adhesive bond. The optimum time depends on the freshness ofthe etching solution. The treated fluoropolymer has a shiny dark brown color, which grows into a dull brown after exposure to air. Analysis of the baths shows the presence of fluoride and/or chloride ions suggesting defluorination and/or dechlorination of the surface during treatment (Table 14.1). 

Determining Antimicrobial Efficacy and Biocompatibility of Treated Articles Using Standard... 

Many articles are treated with antimicrobials to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and/or mold. Treated articles are subject to a variety of test methods used to confirm antimicrobial activity. Some of these articles come in contact with the human body and therefore must be tested in order to assess their biocompatibility under conditions of intended use. Determining the efficacy and biocompatibility of these treated articles is crucial. 

Antimicrobials have been around for many years, but never as prevalent in the marketplace as they are today. Just walk into your nearest discount store and you might find many articles that have antimicrobial treatments (e.g., pillows, bed covers, towels, wipes, hand soap, cutting boards, tooth brushes, mop heads, etc.). When you book your next vacation ask the hotel if their sleeping rooms have antimicrobial treated shower curtains, carpet, bed spreads etc. Surprise treated articles can also be found here. On the other hand, pay attention the next time you find yourself in the hospital or visiting a loved one, you will find a number of treated articles in this environment, (e.g., O.R. drapes, surgical gowns, medical devices, gloves, bed linens, curtains, chair upholstery, carpet etc.)... 

There are a number of test methods that can be used to determine antimicrobial efficacy as well as biocompatibility of treated articles. Standards setting organizations such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and American Association of Textile Chemist and Colorist (AATCC) provide standard test methods that can be used to show antimicrobial efficacy of treated articles. There are also other efficacy test methods that fall outside the purview of these two organizations that are very effective. The ISO Technical Committee 194 has developed the ISO 10993 biocompatibility series which address the biological evaluation of medical devices including standards for those treated with antimicrobials. 

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