Mass theory

The Galactic Bulge contains about 20 percent of the Galaxy s stellar mass. Theories of its formation include a primordial free-fall collapse, remnants of accretion episodes, or secular evolution of bar instabilities ([1]). Accurate stellar abundance determinations can help distinguish between these models. 

It is interesting that vacuum properties are determined and connected only by the properties of charged particles, and consequently only the properties of charged particles determine the electromagnetic properties of the vacuum. Particles that travel through the vacuum have another important property mass. However, this property and its magnitude are completely neglected. Our position is that the vacuum should have properties, that are connected with the mass of the particles, as well. A treatise on quantum mass theory (QMT) [4] elaborates on such properties of the vacuum. 

According to the hereby used theory of superluminal relativity [5], nuclear forces are explained by Newton s gravitational law and Einstein s general theory of relativity [10], with the gravitational constant defined and determined by the quantum mass theory [4], for masses and distances characteristic for nuclear structures. 

P. K. Anastasovski and T. M. Benson, Quantum Mass Theory Compatible with Quantum Field Theory, Nova Science, New York (1995). 

Ando, T., Nakanishi, T. and Igami, M. (1999) Effective-mass theory of carbon nanotubes with vacancy, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 68(12), 3994-4008. 

The Coulomb interaction between the electron and the donor core is, of course, present in an amorphous semiconductor and binds an electron in much the same way, so the shallow donor state is preserved. The effective mass theory for dopants cannot be applied directly to amorphous semiconductors, because it is formulated in terms of the momentum-space wavefunctions of the crystal. It is not immediately obvious that the effective mass has any meaning in an amorphous... 

Should a system contain donor and acceptormoieties, an exciton like behavior can be observed when the charges recombine. Again, effective mass theory can present us with the energy of the observed transition, as shown in equation (5) ... 

Banin U., Lee J. C., GnzeUan A. A., Kadavanich A. V., Alivisatos A. P., Jaskolski W., Bryant G., Efros A. L. and Rosen M. (1998), Size-dependent electronic level structure of InAs nanocrystal quantum dots test of multiband effective mass theory , J. Chem. Phys. 109, 2306-2309. 

The eigenvalues of Hamiltonian (5.4) where a simple Coulomb potential is used are independent of the chemical nature of the donor. This situation corresponds to experiment for the odd-parity levels, but not for the even-parity ones and especially for the Is ground state. There have been many attempts to use impurity-dependent potentials in Hamiltonian (5.4) in a generalized effective mass theory to provide realistic ground-state energies (see [47]). 

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