Electrolytes detergency

The surface-active agents (surfactants) responsible for wetting, flotation and detergency exhibit rather special and interesting properties characteristic of what are called association colloids or, in the older literature, colloidal electrolytes. These properties play an important role in determining, at least indirectly, the detergency of a given surfactant and are therefore considered here... 

Nonionic detergents, as the name implies, are not electrolytes, although they do possess the general polar-nonpolar character typical of surfactants. Examples of common types would include polyether esters, for... 

Foam low high Alkali stab Electrolyte stab Acid stab Chlorine stab Surface tension Detergent effect Hydrotropic effect Solubilizing effect Biodegrad- ability... 

Ether carboxylates are used not only in powdered detergents but in liquid laundry detergents for their hard water stability, lime soap dispersibility, and electrolyte stability they improve the suspension stability and rheology of the electrolyte builder [130,131]. Formulations based particularly on lauryl ether carboxylate + 4.5 EO combined with fatty acid salt and other anionic surfactants are described [132], sometimes in combination with quaternary compounds as softeners [133,163]. Ether carboxylates show improved cleaning properties as suds-controlling agents in formulations with ethoxylated alkylphenol or fatty alcohol, alkyl phosphate esters or alkoxylate phosphate esters, and water-soluble builders [134]. 

Reference 81 describes the use of a salt prepared from a trialkylamine or tris(hydroxyalkyl)amine and sulfonated C8-C20 a-olefins together with a sulfobetaine in a stable liquid detergent having a high content of dissolved electrolytes. These liquid detergents are useful for hair, hands, and clothing. 

Stigter, D, Kinetic Charge of Colloidal Electrolytes from Conductance and Electrophoresis. Detergent Micelles, Poly(methacrylates), and DNA in Univalent Salt Solutions, Journal of Physical Chemistry 83, 1670, 1979. 

The dotted line represents the base current of the supporting electrolyte only adsorption at the dme of any other component (e.g., a detergent) than the solvent or ions of that electrolyte causes a lowering of the capacitance specific adsorption occurs within the lower capacity region delimited by the anodic ( t + ) and the cathodic (ET ) adsorption/desorption peaks. A more specific... 

Anionic Carboxylic acid salts Sulfuric acid ester salts Good detergency Good wetting agents Generally water-soluble Electrolyte-tolerant Electrolyte-sensitive... 

The manufacture of fertilizers was discussed in Chapter 14. Phosphate rock is digested with sulfuric acid to convert CaC03 into a more soluble form that contains a higher percentage of phosphorus. Sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst in alkylation reactions, petroleum refining, manufacture of detergents, paints, dyes, and fibers, and other processes. It is also used as the electrolyte in the lead-acid battery that is used in automobiles. Sulfuric acid is an enormously important chemical commodity that it would be hard to do without. 

Sodium chloride, 22 797-822. See also Salt analytical methods for, 22 811-812 applications of, 22 814-820 from brine, 5 800-801 corrosive effect on iron, 7 806 deposits of, 22 798, 799, 805 described, 22 797 in detergent formulations, 3 418 economic aspects of, 22 810-811 electrolysis of, 22 760 electrolysis of fused, 22 769-772 electrolytic decomposition, 6 175-177 environmental impact of, 22 813-814, 817... 

AEs have found application in all kinds of domestic and institutional detergents, and cleaning agents. Their low foaming characteristics, better electrolyte compatibility and degreasing capacity relative to anionic surfactants make them especially attractive for use in I I products [18]. Furthermore, they are applied in cosmetics, agriculture, and in the textile, paper and oil industries. They have become increasingly important in more recent years, due to efforts to replace APEO. 

The Gibbs equation relates the extent of adsorption at an interface (reversible equilibrium) to the change in interfacial tension qualitatively, Eq. (4.3) predicts that a substance which reduces the surface (interfacial) tension [(Sy/8 In aj) < 0] will be adsorbed at the surface (interface). Electrolytes have the tendency to increase (slightly) y, but most organic molecules, especially surface active substances (long chain fatty acids, detergents, surfactants) decrease the surface tension (Fig. 4.1). Amphi-pathic molecules (which contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups) become oriented at the interface. 

Here, utilizing membrane osmometry, we report on micelle formation in solutions of C21-DA alone (in dilute electrolyte) and in the presence of surface active Ingredients incorporated in commercial liquid detergent formulations. Phase diagrams of 3-component blends (detergent/C2i-DA salt/H20) are also... 

The aggregation behavior of C21-DA salt in dilute electrolyte medium appears to resemble that of certain polyhydroxy bile salts (25,16). That C21-DA, with a structure quite different from bile acids, should possess solution properties similar to, e.g., cholic acid is not entirely surprising in light of recent conductivity and surface tension measurements on purified (i.e., essentially monocarboxylate free) disodium salt aqueous solutions, and of film balance studies on acidic substrates (IX) The data in Figure 3 suggest that C21-DA salt micelles Incorporate detergents - up to an approximate weight fraction of 0.5 -much like cholate Incorporates lecithin or soluble... 

The surface tension of the system can also be changed by grinding with liquid, thus decreasing interfacial tension. This gives rise to a variety of parameters since, by adding suitable chemicals (electrolytes or surface-active agents), one can modify the end-product properties. Conversely, the size of crystals formed from a supersaturated solution of a substance is related to the surface tension (at the solid-liquid interface). Thus, to obtain fine crystals, a suitable detergent is added, and thus, finer crystals are obtained. 

Repulsive forces between Fe oxide particles can be established by adsorption of suitable polymers such as proteins (Johnson and Matijevic, 1992), starches, non-ionic detergents and polyelectrolytes. Adsorption of such polymers stabilizes the particles at electrolyte concentrations otherwise high enough for coagulation to occur. Such stabilization is termed protective action or steric stabilization. It arises when particles approach each other closely enough for repulsive forces to develop. This repulsion has two sources. 1) The volume restriction effect where the ends of the polymer chains interpenetrate as the particles approach and lose some of their available conformations. This leads to a decrease in the free energy of the system which may be sufficient to produce a large repulsive force between particles. 2) The osmotic effect where the polymer chains from two particles overlap and produce a repulsion which prevents closer approach of the particles. 

Once formed, SUVs, unlike aqueous micelles, do not break down upon dilution there is no equivalent of CMC for SUVs. Additionally, depending on their chemical composition, vesicles remain stable for days to weeks. SUVs, like membranes, are osmotically active addition of electrolytes shrinks the vesicles, while placing them in solutions more dilute than their internal electrolytic concentrations causes swelling. SUVs, like membranes, are destroyed (lysed) by the addition of detergents or alcohols. 

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