Electrochemical Detection of Nucleic Acids

Reed MR, Coty WA. eSensor a microarray technology based on electrochemical detection of nucleic acids and its application to cystic fibrosis carrier screening, in microarrays preparation, detection methods, data analysis, and applications. In Dill K, Liu R, Grodzinski P, editors. Kluwer Springer-Verlag 2008 in press. 

The topics discussed in the book include electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on latex/gold nanoparticles and nanotubes nanomaterial-based electrochemical DNA detection electrochemical detection of microorganism-based DNA biosensor gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical DNA biosensors electrochemical detection of the aptamer-target interaction nanoparticle-induced catalysis for DNA biosensing basic terms regarding electrochemical DNA (nucleic acids) biosensors screen-printed electrodes for electrochemical DNA detection application of field-effect transistors to label-free electrical DNA biosensor arrays and electrochemical detection of nucleic acids using branched DNA amplifiers. 

Fig. 9.13 Electrochemical detection of nucleic acid with the bioelectronic sensor based on a sandwich assay. A target nucleic acid is shown to anneal to a capture probe and a ferrocene-labeled signaling probe [58]. The thiol-terminated oligophenylethynyl molecules serve as molecular wires and provide a...

He, Y, Zeng, K., Zhang, X. et al. (2010) Electrochemistry communications ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of nucleic acid based on the isothermal strand-displacement polymerase reaction and enzyme dual amplification. Electrochem. Commuru, 12 (7), 985-988. 

Li J, Lei J, Wang Q, Wang P, Ju H (2012) Bionic catalysis of porphyrin for electrochemical detection of nucleic acids. Electrochim Acta 83 73-77... 

Althaus, J. S. Kyonghoon, L. Namasivayam, V. Brahmasandra, S. N. Handique, K. Microfluidic devices and method for electrochemical detection of nucleic acids, proteins or vimses. PCT Int. Appl. WO 2004094986, 2004 Chem. Abstr. 2004, 141, 362747. 

An overview on the genosensor technologies for detection of nucleic acids (NA) immobilized onto different transducers by adsorption, cross-linking, complexation and covalent attachment is briefly summarized in Table 19.1. The applications of electrochemical genosensor technology are discussed in the following section. 

H. Xie, C. Zhang and Z. Gao, Amperometric detection of nucleic acid at femtomolar levels with a nucleic acid/electrochemical activator bilayer on gold electrode, Anal. Chem., 76 (2004) 1611-1617. 

Electrochemical assays of nucleic acids based on DNA hybridisation have received considerable attention [34,57-60]. DNA hybridisation biosensors are a very attractive topic in the clinical diagnostics of inherited diseases and the rapid detection of infectious microorganisms. 

The ability to calculate redox potentials has powerfid implications. For example, elecfrocatalytic reactions of metal complexes, such as Ru(bpy)3 +, with DNA nucleobases, such as guanine, provide a sensitive method for detection of nucleic acids on surfaces in electrochemical DNA chips (see Nucleic Acid-Metal Ion Interactions) In these reactions, voltammetric oxidation of Ru(bpy)3 + to Ru(bpy)3 + in the presence of guanine produces an enhancement in the oxidative current due to the reaction of Ru(III) with guanine (Figure 2). On surfaces, the extent of elecfrocatalytic enhancement is indicative of the quantity of bound nucleic acid levels of DNA as low as 40 attomoles have been detected using related methods. ... 

A. J. (2006) Electrochemical microfluidic biosensor for the detection of nucleic acid sequences. Lab Chip. 6, 414-421... 

The ability to calculate redox potentials has powerful implications. For example, electrocatalytic reactions of metal complexes, such as Ru(bpy)3 +, with DNA nucleobases, such as guanine, provide a sensitive method for detection of nucleic acids on surfaces in electrochemical DNA chips see Nucleic Acid-Metal Ion Interaction In these reactions. 

The electrochemical signals of nucleic acid bases were shown to have insufficient sensitivity for DNA analysis in the 1960s, because of the poorly developed detection devices without software systems. However, recent advancements in this field started with digital potentiostats and sophisticated baseline correction techniques in connection with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) [9] and square wave voltammetry (SWV) [10-12]. Therefore, well-defined voltammetric peaks have been obtained from DNA or RNA at carbon electrodes in the last decade [13],... 

If we look from the viewpoint of compound-DNA interactions, dsDNA has been used in numerous sensor applications [14] for the detection of DNA damage based on electrochemical signal of nucleic acids especially guanine base. 

Kafil, J. B., Cheng, H.-Y., and Last, T. A., Quantitation of nucleic acids at the picogram level using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, Anal. Chem., 58, 285, 1986. 

The observation of currents attributable to the faradaic electrochemistry of nucleic acids was pioneered by Palecek and coworkers who studied DNA adsorbed on mercury or carbon electrodes [13]. The signals detected by Palecek were attributable to oxidation of the purines, which produced signals indicative of irreversible processes involving adsorbed bases. These reactions were used as a basis for electrochemical analysis of DNA. Kuhr and coworkers later showed that similar strategies could be developed for analysis of nucleic acids via oxidation of sugars at copper electrodes [14-16]. 

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