High speed electron

The last technique commonly employed to deposit metals for compound semiconductors is electroplating (150). This technique is usually used where very thick metal layers are desired for very low resistance interconnects or for thick wire bond pads. Another common use of this technique is in the formation of air-bridged interconnects (150), which are popular for high speed electronic and optoelectronic circuits. 

This technique will allow compression of a 100-femtosecond pulse down to 12 femtoseconds or even to 8 femtoseconds. (A femtosecond is a millionth of a billionth of a second or 1 x 10-15 s.) Pulse compression can be used to study chemical reactions, particularly intermediate states, at very high speeds. Alternatively, these optical pulses can be converted to electrical pulses to study electrical phenomena. This aspect, of course, is of great interest to people in the electronics industry because of their concern with the operation of high-speed electronic devices. It also is of great interest to people who are trying to understand the motion of biological objects such as bacteria. 

In spectroscopy we study the effect of interaction of electromagnetic radiation on matter. For examples X-rays are produced by bombandment of metal targets with high speed electrons. So the different types of electromagnetic radiation interact with the matter and give different types of spectroscopy. 

A nucleus that has an excess of neutrons will undergo neutron to proton transition, a process that may restore the N P ratio but that requires the loss of an electron to convert the neutron to a positively charged proton, and as a result the atomic number increases by one. The particle emitted is a high speed electron known as a negation (P ) and the atom is said to emit beta radiation, e.g. 

ESD (electrostatic discharge) for integrated circuits, hard disk drives, circuit boards. Parts for high-speed electronic printing and reproduction equipment... 

Parts for high-speed electronic printing and reproduction equipment... 

Radioactive Ca-45 emits beta particles (high-speed electrons) and has a half-life of about 163 days. It is used to determine the calcium levels in bones and in soils. 

Phosphorus-32, the most important radioisotope of phosphorus, has a half-life of 14 days. It provides beta radiation (high-speed electrons) and is made by inserting phosphorus into nuclear reactor piles. P-32 is used as a tag to trace biochemical reactions in patients. It is also used to treat leukemia and skin and thyroid diseases. 

B) Carbon-14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons giving a neutron-to-proton ratio of 1.3 1. Elements with low atomic numbers normally have stable nuclei with approximately equal numbers of neutrons and protons. Thus, C-14 with a high neutron-to-proton ratio results in the emission of a beta particle (high speed electron) ... 

Use of high energy radiation to create hot spots. Attempts have been made to initiate explosives by ionizing radiation such a-particles, high speed electrons, y-rays, Pions etc (Refs 8 9). No initiations were observed. Cerny Kaufman (Ref 9) take this absence of initiation to indicate failure of the hot spot model. However a crude preliminary calculation, based on the Friedman model (Ref 15), suggests that the dimensions of the Pion heated regions for Lead Azide (Fig 2 of Ref 9) and for RDX (Fig 3 of Ref 9) are smaller than the critical hot spot dimension at the corresponding temperatures... 

X-ray A penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted when the inner orbital electrons of an excited atom return to their normal state. X-rays are usually nonnuclear in origin and are generated by bombarding a metallic target with high-speed electrons. 

Muraour (Ref 3) has also observed the explosion of Silver Acetylrde when irradiated with high-speed electrons. On the other hand, Triliar oc Muraour (Ref 2) reported that they could not initiate expls, such as TNT, PA,... 

The X-ray spectrum has been investigated by Robinson,8 who also examined the secondary and tertiary radiations emitted by the oxide under the influence of molybdenum K rays as primary X-radiation.9 Whiddington10 estimated the frequencies of high-speed electrons ejected from the oxide by impinging X-rays. 

ELECTRON DIFFRACTION. Beams of high-speed electrons exhibit diffraction phenomena analogous to those obtained with light, thus showing the wavc-like character of electron beams. Such patterns are useful in the interpretation of the structure of matter. 

X-rays are emitted by atoms that are bombarded with energetic electrons. This results from two separate effects (1) deceleration of high-speed electrons as they pass through matter, and (2) ionization of individual atoms which abruptly stop the electrons. The first effect results in a continuous-type spectrum the second effect results in characteristic fine spectra. 

The initiations achieved in the early work of Henderson (Ref 1) and Poole (Refs 2 3) with nitrogen iodide by a - particles, Kallmann and Schankler (Ref 9) with TNT, MF, NC, picrates and azides by intense beams of hydrogen, argon and mercury ions and also by electrons, and Muraour (Ref 10) with Ag acetylide by high speed electrons, brought forth the possible solution that the expins were caused by activation of a few neighboring molecules... 

Recently R.Burzynski et a1[10] reported ultra-high speed electronic bistabilities in polyamic acid waveguide with grating excitation. They classified electronic or thermal bistabilities usi-... 

Globus, T., D. Woolard, M. Bykovskaia, B. Gelmont, L. Werbos, and A. Samuels. 2003. THz-frequency spectroscopic sensing of DNA and related biological materials. Int. J. High Speed Electron. Syst. 13 903-936. 

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