Electrical channels

Power line communications -PLC- is a technology that uses the electric grid for data transmission. Although the electrical channels were not designed to carry data, the implementation of PLC allows the using of a single channel for both electric and information transmission. 

Even tough the PLC technology initially aimed at transferring low rate control data between electrical stations, the communications over electric channels have been widely implemented not only for control data transmission but also for establishing high rate data,... 

In the scenario 2, the channel is exposed to a 500 watts inductive load in the 90% of the transmission time that was taken in scenario 1. At scenario 3, an astable inductive load is connected to the electrical network. The periods of the generation are 25 sg, 5 sg and lOsg and are called HAT, Every single period has the same value during the whole transmission. In the fourth scenario, an inductive and resistive load of 40 watts is connected to the electric channel. The load is attached during all transmission time. At scenario 5, an electronic and resistive load is connected along the channel during the transmission time. 

In-home network model controls the noises on electrical channels within a local area network, -LAN-, by implementing band-p>ass and band-stop filters as given in Figure 16. The communication signals within the powerline infrastructme is bandpass filtered at each PLC client connection point by instaUtng PLC splitters. The noise control requirement isolates the noisy signals on communication channels. 

A FET uses an electric field to control the electrical channel of conduction and hence the conductivity of the charge carriers in the channel. The flow of charge carriers between the source and the drain can be tuned by modifying the size and the shape of the conducting channel by applying an electric field to the gate. 

According to the preliminary choices made, the avionics architecture of the Ariane 5 launcher retains a duplex system, based on two electric channels, physically and geographically independent and segregated. 

The duplex architecture is centralized around the mission computer (OBC -OBC) itself redundant, and is based on two independent channels, each connected to both OBCs by a MIL-STD-1553B [MIL 78] bus. Each electrical channel is independent of the other channel and connected to a single MIL-STD-1553B bus. 

Furthermore, each of the nominal and redundant OBCs is connected to two 1553 buses. The OBC master, unique at any given moment, simultaneously manages both the electrical channel buses, and thus the related equipment for both channels. 

The term channel induction furnace is appHed to those in which the energy for the process is produced in a channel of molten metal that forms the secondary circuit of an iron core transformer. The primary circuit consists of a copper cod which also encircles the core. This arrangement is quite similar to that used in a utdity transformer. Metal is heated within the loop by the passage of electric current and circulates to the hearth above to overcome the thermal losses of the furnace and provide power to melt additional metal as it is added. Figure 9 illustrates the simplest configuration of a single-channel induction melting furnace. Multiple inductors are also used for appHcations where additional power is required or increased rehabdity is necessary for continuous operation (11). 

Metal contained in the channel is subjected to forces that result from the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the electric current in the channel. These inward forces produce a circulation that is generally perpendicular to the length of the channel. It has been found that shaping the channels of a twin coil inductor shown in Figure 10 produces a longitudinal flow within the channel and significantly reduces the temperature difference between the channel and the hearth (12). 

Electrical trees consist of visible permanent hoUow channels, resulting from decomposition of the material, and show up clearly in polyethylene and other translucent soHd dielectrics when examined with an optical microscope. Eresh, unstained water trees appear diffuse and temporary. Water trees consist of very fine paths along which moisture has penetrated under the action of a voltage gradient. Considerable force is required to effect this... 

HBI has been successfully melted in cupolas (hot or cold blast), induction furnaces (coreless or channel), and electric arc furnaces. It can be a valuable charge material for ductile and malleable irons as well as steel. It is of particular value in making ductile iron castings because of its very low residual element content. 

The most important appHcation of fiber-optic laser-based communication is in long-distance telecommunications (92,93). Fiber-optic systems offer very high capacity, low cost-per-channel, light weight, small size, and immunity to crosstalk and electrical interference. 

There are four basic variations of the linear MHD channel (Fig. 5) which differ primarily in their method of electrical loading. The simplest is the two-terrninal Faraday or continuous electrode generator, Figure 5a, where a single pair of current-collecting electrodes spans the channel in the axial direction, short-circuiting the channel from end to end. Hence, for this configuration, = 0, andj can be obtained from equations 21 and 22 ... 

The resulting overall energy balance for the plant at nominal load conditions is shown in Table 3. The primary combustor operates at 760 kPa (7.5 atm) pressure the equivalence ratio is 0.9 the heat loss is about 3.5%. The channel operates in the subsonic mode, in a peak magnetic field of 6 T. AH critical electrical and gas dynamic operating parameters of the channel are within prescribed constraints the magnetic field and electrical loading are tailored to limit the maximum axial electrical field to 2 kV/m, the transverse current density to 0.9 A/cm , and the Hall parameter to 4. The diffuser pressure recovery factor is 0.6. 

Insulator Walls. Because of the unavailabiUty of electrically insulating materials which can withstand the harsh environment inside coal-fired channels, the insulator walls of the channel are typically made of metal elements which are insulated from each other to prevent any net flow of current. Like electrode walls, insulator walls are designed to operate with a slag coating. 

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