Einstein, Albert 1905 papers

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE THEORY OF THE BROWNIAN MOVEMENT, Albert Einstein. Five papers (1905-8) investigating dynamics of Brownian motion and evolving elementary theory. Notes by R. Furth. 122pp. 55 x 85. 

Eventually, the answer was found by Albert Einstein and the Polish physicist Marian Smoluchowski (1872-1917), then a professor at the University of Lviv. The title of one of Einstein s papers on the theory of Brownian motion is rather telling On the motion of particles suspended in resting water which is required by the molecular-kinetic theory of heat . Einstein and Smoluchowski considered chaotic thermal motion of molecules and showed that it explains it all a Brownian particle is fidgeting because it is pushed by a crowd of molecules in random directions. In other words, you can say that Brownian particles are themselves engaged in chaotic thermal motion. Nowadays, science does not make much distinction between the phrases Brownian motion and thermal motion — the only difference lies back in history. The Einstein-Smoluchowski theory was confirmed by beautiful and subtle experiments by Jean Perrin (1870-1942). This was a long awaited, clear and straightforward proof that all substances are made of atoms and molecules. ... 

Einstein, CPAE] Einstein, Albert Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, M.J. Klein, A.J. Kox, R.D. Schulmann (Eds.). Vol. 5. Princeton 1993. 

The twentieth century brought a fmidaniental extension of the first law, with Albert Einstein s follow-up of his famous special-relativity paper pub-... 

Thousands of scientific papers are published each year. Most are quickly shoved into the dustbin of history to be retrieved, if at all, by highly specialized researchers working in the same area. A few will change the course of science. Only the best and most fortunate scientists will come up with one such paper in a lifetime. In a single year, 1905, Albert Einstein published three of them. 

It was only in 1905 that the reality of atoms was finally demonstrated. In that year, the same year that he published the first papers on his special theory of relativity, Albert Einstein published a paper on Brownian movement, the irregular motion of small particles suspended in a liquid. Einstein showed that the patterns of movement that were observed could be explained only by assuming that the particles are constantly buffeted by the molecules that make up the liquid. Thus, observations of Brownian movement provided evidence that molecules—and consequently atoms—are indeed real. 

In 2001, Christian Bok published Eunoia, which includes five chapters, each one of which is a prose poem using words with only one of the five vowels. Eunoia is also the shortest word in the English language to use all five vowels. More recently, Brian Raiter wrote a paper titled Albert Einstein s Theory of Relativity in Words of Four Letters or Less —an explanation of Albert Einstein s Theory of Relativity using words no more than four letters long, with paragraphs like ... 

In 1906 Albert Einstein (Nobel Prize, 1921) published his first derivation of an expression for the viscosity of a dilute dispersion of solid spheres. The initial theory contained errors that were corrected in a subsequent paper that appeared in 1911. It would be no mistake to infer from the historical existence of this error that the theory is complex. Therefore we restrict our discussion to an abbreviated description of the assumptions of the theory and some highlights of the derivation. Before examining the Einstein theory, let us qualitatively consider what effect the presence of dispersed particles is expected to have on the viscosity of a fluid. 

Bose sent his paper to Albert Einstein, who immediately saw the significance of Bose s idea. Einstein wrote his own paper to accompany and support Bose s and sent both to a prestigious research journal where they were published in 1924. 

The idea that all matter is made of atoms is a familiar concept that that can be recited by the average first grader. However, the general acceptance of the atomic theory dates to the early part of the twentieth century, when Albert Einstein published a paper explaining Brownian motion. The notion of atoms dates back to ancient times, but these models are largely based on philosophical arguments, rather than empirical evidence. John Dalton first formulated an atomic theory... 

Two papers by Albert Einstein ultimately led to acceptance of the idea of quantization of energy for radiation, and were central to the development of the quantum theory (ironically, in later years Einstein became the most implacable critic of this same theory). The first of these papers, in 1905, concerned the photoelectric effect. Light ejected electrons from a metallic surface if the light had a greater frequency than some threshold frequency v0 which depended on the particular metal. The kinetic energy K of the emitted electrons was proportional to the excess frequency, v — v0 (Figure 5.4). Only the number of emitted electrons, not the kinetic energy, increased as the intensity increased. 

We conclude this chapter by going back to Albert Einstein, whose work was instrumental in the evolution of the quantum theory. Einstein was unable to tolerate the limitations on classical determinism that seem to be an inevitable consequence of the developments outlined in this chapter, and he worked for many years to construct paradoxes which would overthrow it. For example, quantum mechanics predicts that measurement of the state of a system at one position changes the state everywhere else immediately. Thus the change propagates faster than the speed of light—in violation of at least the spirit of relativity. Only in the last few years has it been possible to do the appropriate experiments to test this ERPparadox (named for Einstein, Rosen and Podolsky, the authors of the paper which proposed it). The predictions of quantum mechanics turn out to be correct. 

The technology of science teaching is rarely addressed, but an entertaining paper recently considered the role of the blackboard in classrooms in the United States.89 An exhibition of blackboards, held in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, in 2005 was stimulated by their holding of an example inscribed by Albert Einstein. 

More than any other person, more than any other physicist, Bohr was the guiding spirit of the quanmm revolution. Bohr was not one of the physicists who, in the mid-1920s, created quantum mechanics Bohr was not adept at creating the formal mathematical structures that were required. Unlike most physicists, Bohr s reputation did not emanate entirely from the papers he wrote. Yet, Bohr s contribution to twentieth-cenmry physics is acknowledged by most physicists as second only to Albert Einstein s. 

Albert Einstein said that it is good to make things as simple as possible, but not simpler. Beneath each simple statement about the properties of styrene block copolymers lie volumes of books, thousands of patents and countless pages of paper and electronic files dedicated to describing and understanding these highly useful polymers, and their applications. The task becomes reducing all of this to simple ideas, simple pictures and simple words, but not simpler . 

What Perrin did not know at the time he was doing his work was that Albert Einstein (1879-1955) had also been thinking about Brownian motions. In 1905, Einstein published a paper outlining the conditions that would cause small particles to move in a diffused suspension and showing that if you could trace the motion of the particles, you could infer the number of molecules in a specific volume. In other words, Einstein s 1905 theoretical work and Perrin s 1909 experimental work fit together so well that the scientific world generally accepted the existence of atoms and molecules as actual physical entities. If atoms were real, then the unique characteristics of the elements were preserved. 

The purpose of this appendix is to comment briefly on the idea that a material has a characteristic length. In particular it recounts a few notable occurrences of this idea, taking as starting point a paper by Albert Einstein (1905). But before starting on history, it is as well to emphasize a difference between the material of this appendix and the main text. 

Findeisen was working in a new field he quoted only two references in his paper, both by Albert Einstein. 

Albert Einstein (1879-1955). German-born American physicist. Regarded by many as one of the two greatest physicists the world has known (the other is Isaac Newton). The three papers (on special relativity. Brownian motion, and tiie photoelectric effect) that he published in 1905 while employed as a technical assistant in die Swiss patent office in Berne have profoundly influenced the development of physics. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. 

John S. Blanchard received his BS in chemistry from Lake Forest College and obtained his Ph.D. from the laboratory of W. W. Cleland at the University of Wisconsin. After a 3-year NIH-sponsored postdoctoral fellowship, he was appointed assistant professor of biochemistry at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City in 1983. In 1998, he became the Dan Danciger Professor of Biochemistry. His early research interests focused on the determination of kinetic isotope effects exhibited by flavin-containing enzymes. His collaborative studies on the mechanism of action, and resistance, to isoniazid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis led to his current interests in antibiotic resistance. His present interests include the structure and function of essential biosynthetic enzymes in M. tuberculosis, resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, and proteome-wide identification of acetylated proteins. He is the author of over 140 research papers and 20 reviews and has been awarded seven United States patents. His work has been generously supported by the United States National Institutes of Health for the last 24 years. 

Planck, a thoroughgoing conservative, had no taste for pursuing the radical consequences of his radiation formula. Someone else did Albert Einstein. In a paper in 1905 that eventually won for him the Nobel Prize,... 

Einstein A (1987) The collected papers of Albert Einstein, investigations on the theory of... 

The beginning of quantum theory was the discovery by Max Planck of the electromagnetic energy quanta emitted by a black body. His work was Uber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum" in Annalen der Physik, 4, 553(1901).- Four years later, Albert Einstein published a paper called Uber die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des... 

In 1905, Albert Einstein identified and explained the photoelectron effect, in which light is observed to provide the energy by which electrons are ejected from within atoms. This work, one of only a handful of scientific papers actually published by Einstein, earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. 

Special relativity (Albert Einstein) At the age of twenty-six, Einstein uses the constancy of the speed of light to explain motion, time, and space beyond Newtonian principles. During the same year, he publishes papers describing the photoelectric effect and Brownian motion. 

Albert Einstein obtained his Ph.D.in 1905. In the same year he published five groundbreaking research papers one on the photoelectric effect (for which he received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921), two on special relativity a paper on the determination of molecular size and one on Brownian motion (which led to experiments that tested kinetic-molecular theory and ended remaining doubts of the existence of atoms and molecules). 

The influence of the measurement result of a qubit affecting the state of another, as happens in an entangled state, is called non-locality. This strange property was pointed out for the first time in a very influential paper, published in 1935, by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rose [13]. The paper aimed to demonstrate that Quantum Mechanics was an incomplete theory. According to the authors, a theory to be considered complete should contain what they defined reality elements. A reality element would be, still according to the authors, any physical quantity whose value could be predicted before performing a measurement on the system. For example, when a measurement of the observable cty is performed on a qubit, in an entangled cat state, the result determines the state of the other qubit, which could then be predicted before a measurement. Hence the observable Uy is a reality element. However, before the measurement is performed on the first qubit. 

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