Smoluchowski, Marian

Smoluchowski, Marian (Marian, Ritter von Smolan Smoluchowski) 613... 

Marian von Smoluchowski, 1872-1917. Polish physicist, professor in Lemberg and Krakowia. 

Equation 6.33 states that the root-mean-square displacement is proportional to the square root of the number of jumps. For very large values of n, the net displacement of any one atom is extremely small compared to the total distance it travels. It turns out, that the diffusion coefficient is related to this root-mean-square displacement. It was shown independently by Albert Einstein (1879-1955) and Marian von Smoluchowski (1872-1917) that, for Brownian motion of small particles suspended in a liquid, the root-mean-square displacement, is equal to V(2Dt), where t is the time... 

The choice of Lviv as a host site of the Workshop was not by an accident. The traditions of physical and mathematical science in this historic Western Ukrainian city are linked to the names of Marian Smoluchowski and Stefan Banach who lived and worked in Lviv in the early and middle part of the last century. The Lviv physical school in its present form was founded by Ihor Yukhnovskii and is known as the Institute for Condensed Matter Physics. 

Formula (483) was first obtained by Albert Einstein (1879-1955) in 1905 and bears his name. Independently of Einstein, the theory of the Brownian motion was developed by Marian von Smoluchowski (1872-1917) in 1905-1906. The expression obtained by him agrees with formula (483) with a constant multiplier equal to one. 

The relation between Ob (or a corresponding quantity) and Db was only discovered in 1908, almost simultaneously by Albert Einstein and Marian von Smoluchowski ... 

Eventually, the answer was found by Albert Einstein and the Polish physicist Marian Smoluchowski (1872-1917), then a professor at the University of Lviv. The title of one of Einstein s papers on the theory of Brownian motion is rather telling On the motion of particles suspended in resting water which is required by the molecular-kinetic theory of heat . Einstein and Smoluchowski considered chaotic thermal motion of molecules and showed that it explains it all a Brownian particle is fidgeting because it is pushed by a crowd of molecules in random directions. In other words, you can say that Brownian particles are themselves engaged in chaotic thermal motion. Nowadays, science does not make much distinction between the phrases Brownian motion and thermal motion — the only difference lies back in history. The Einstein-Smoluchowski theory was confirmed by beautiful and subtle experiments by Jean Perrin (1870-1942). This was a long awaited, clear and straightforward proof that all substances are made of atoms and molecules. ... 

The main activity of the CPG was organizing lectures. At the beginning scientists from Vienna were lecturing, but, later on, speakers from abroad were also invited, such as Anton Lampa from Prague, Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff from Berlin, Marian von Smoluchowski from Cracow and George de Hevesy from Budapest. These names show the scientific level of the CPG lectures. 

Marian von Smoluchowski (1872-1917). .. was a Polish physicist whose research on discrete state matter is still highly valued in modem science. He is particularly acknowledged for his theory on Brownian motion, which he developed independently of Einstein and which laid the foundation for the theory of stochastic processes. A similar rank is deserved by his discovery of density fluctuations in liquids and gases and their relevance for macroscopic scattering— most prominently explained by the phenomenon of critical opalescence. Both works proved veiy influential for the understanding of colloidal suspensions. Furthermore, he did pioneering work on the quantification of particle aggregation as well as in the field of electrokinetic phenomena. 

Marian Smoluchowski (1872-1919) a Polish scientist and pioneer of statistical physics. He described Brownian motion, worked on the kinetic theory at the same time as Albert Einstein, and presented an equation that became the basis of the theory of stochastic processes. 

In 1827, Robert Brown, a British botanist, observed pollen grains moving erratically in water. It was not until 1905 that Albert Einstein and Marian von Smoluchowski, independently, explained this phenomenon. What Brown had observed was the effect of the water molecules randomly colliding with the large pollen particle. These random collisions lead to an erratic displacement, i.e., diffusion, of the pollen particle in water. This chaotic motion is conunonly referred to as Brownian motion. Therefore Brownian motion is really a diffusion process. Using the concept of a one-dimensional random walk, Einstein found that the average displacement of a particle in... 

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