Yield molar

Fluorescence emission maximum Fluorescence quantum yield Molar absorption coefficient (e) at peak wavelengths (as monomer)... 

Conductivity measurements yield molar conductivities A (Scm2 mol-1) at salt concentration c (mol L-1). A set of data pairs (Af, c,), is evaluated with the help of non linear fits of equations [89,93,94] consisting of the conductivity equation, Eq. (7), the expression for the association constant, Eq. (3), and an equation for the activity coefficient of the free ions in the solution, Eq.(8) the activity coefficient of the ion pair is neglected at low concentrations. 

R R ( ) Fluores- cence Quantum. Yield, Molar Absorptivity, e X 10 Wavelength (nm) Maximum Emission Absorbance, max ... 

All weighed samples are converted to moles by using the molar mass, and the moles are divided by the volume of the volumetric flask in liters to yield molarity. 

In order to prepare successful NIR molecular probe dyes, NIR dyes must meet the following criteria adequate response to analytes, high lipophilicity and/or reactive functional groups, absorbance maxima compatible with available laser diodes, high fluorescence quantum yield, molar absorptivity, and high photostability. 

Calibration can be eliminated by coupling the SEC or ThFFF system to a proper detection system such as MALS detector or MALS and refraction index, which yields molar mass information without reference to standards [45]. The advantage of this coupling method is that compositional and dimensional information can be obtained regardless of whether the thermophoretic properties are understood. A continuous two-dimensional ThFFF channel for semipreparative separations of macromolecules has also been developed [46]. 

Reduction of ketopantoic acid to D-pantoic acid (0, (4) in Fig. 8). Agrobacterium sp. S-246 is a good source of ketopantoic acid reductase. The yield of D-pantoic acid reached 119 g/1 (molar yield, 90% optical purity, 98% e.e.) on incubation with washed cells of the bacterium [102]. From a practical point of view, ketopantoic acid reduction with Agrobacterium cells has several advantages over ketopantoyl lactone reduction with Candida (or Rhodotorula) cells. The former results in a higher product yield, molar conversion and optical purity of the product than the latter. It is necessary to maintain the substrate level at lower than 3% in the case of the ketopantolactone reduction, but not for the ketopantoic acid reduction. 

Figure 4.8 Temperature dependence of EP conjugated dehydrogenation product yield. Molar ratio 4-EP 30% H202 = 1 3, 4-EP volume rate is 0.045 IT1 (1 4-VP 2 4-VP N-oxide and 3 total...

Fig. 2. Influence of butyric acichbutanol molar ratio on butyl butyrate yield. Molar ratios of 2 1 (A), 1 1 ( ), and 0.5 1 ( ) were used at 37°C and 50 mg/mL of POS-PVA lipase.

Ratio (endo/exo) Yield (%) Molar Ratio [(RCHO/(TMS)2S)] Yield (%)... 

Atom efficiency the percentage yield (molar flow of the desired product divided by the molar flow of the limiting reactant, taking into account the stoichiometry of the reaction) multiplied by the atom economy. It could be used to replace yield and A E. Eor example, AE could be 100% and yield 5%, making this a not very green reaction. 

Pressure 106 Pa absolute. . Once-througb conversion (%) Yield (molar %). 

Atom economy is deliberately kept simple by making certain key assumptions it ignores the reaction yield, molar excesses of reactants, solvents, and reagents. Before discussing the pros and cons of atom economy, it is worth clarifying what atom economy means. 

Table 4.2. Averages for relative yield (molar yield of a particular product/total molar yield of products) of each product obtained by 10 mm projectile at all velocities for the three initial temperatures...

Applications of f/r calculations to continuum mechanics models. The fluid-rock ratio equations yield molar ratios, //r, of oxygen or carbon in the fluid and the rock. The relationship between the //r values and the continuum mechanics calculations are best illustrated by re-arranging Equation (54) in terms of the dimensionless concentration. The equation for the multi-pass fluid-rock ratio (in mole equivalents of the isotope under consideration) can be recast in terms of the dimensionless concentration of the rock. 

H2 Yield = Molar ratio between the hydrogen stream in the permeate side and the total hydrogen thera-etically (n-oducible from the stoichiometry of reaction. " Oxygen over glycerol feed ratio. 

There is an advantage in using the constant surface pressure standard state since it yields molar properties (enthalpies and entropies of adsorption) analogous to those associated with phase changes evaluated from the Clapeyron equation [80]. The use of the standard state with constant surface concentration provides differential quantities for the enthalpy and entropy changes which are not directly comparable with those calculated using the methods of statistical thermodynamics. The values of AS calculated by these two standard states differ only by the gas constant, B, and are readily interconverted. 

Thermal expansion coefficients can be easily estimated by running molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo simulations, yielding molar volumes as a function of temperature, a complete equation of state for the considwed material (as was shown in Fig. 9.6 notice there the significant difference in steepness between the curve for the solid and that for the liquid). Note however that for f) 2 x 10 " the total expansion of an organic material from zero-K crystal to its melting point is as low as 5-6%, so highly refined or ad hoc potentials may be required for accurate results (ref. [22], Chapter 9). 

Fraction [NaCl] M Yield % Molar ratio GahAnCal sulfate Monosaccharides (moles %) ... 

If both the free fluorophore and fluorophore-CD complexes are fluorescent, the analysis of the fluorescence decay curve of a system composed of these species yield a set of decay rate constants and pre-exponential factors. Ideally, the decay rate constants should be invariant with CD concentration. However, the pre-exponential factors vary with CD concentration, as the pre-exponential factor of a species is proportional to the fluorescence quantum yield, molar absorptivity at the exciting wavelength, and the fraction of the species among all the fluorescent species. The above statements are equally applicable to the complexation of a guest with fluorophore-modified CDs. 

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