Efficiency,effect

Chloromethylation can be efficiently effected using chloromethyl methyl ether, in the presence of Lewis acids. However, due to its carcinogenic nature, extreme care should be exercised in its use (46). Alternatively, paraformaldehyde—HCl/ZnCl2 can be used as the chloromethylating agent. 

The standard requires tends in quality, operational performance (productivity, costs of poor quality, efficiency, effectiveness) and current quality levels for key product and service features to be documented. 

Nutzdauer,/. useful life, service life, nutze, niitze, a. useful, of use, profitable. Nutzeffekt, m. useful effect, efficiency, effect, nutzen, v.t. use. — v.i. be of use. 

Insurance Coverage of Pharmaceuticals, Use, Moral Hazard and Efficiency. Effects of Co-payment... 

There are four principal factors that are paramount in selecting the best separation technique. They are the energy required for the separation, the capital required for the equipment used in the separation, the efficiency/effectiveness of the separation, and the vitality of the catalyst after the separation. General process considerations include ... 

This chapter will only deal with the possible gas transport mechanisms and their relevance for separation of gas mixtures. Beside the transport mechanisms, process parameters also have a marked influence on the separation efficiency. Effects like backdiffusion and concentration polarization are determined by the operating downstream and upstream pressure, the flow regime, etc. This can decrease the separation efficiency considerably. Since these effects are to some extent treated in literature (Hsieh, Bhave and Fleming 1988, Keizer et al. 1988), they will not be considered here, save for one example at the end of Section 6.2.1. It seemed more important to describe the possibilities of inorganic membranes for gas separation than to deal with optimization of the process. Therefore, this chapter will only describe the possibilities of the several transport mechanisms in inorganic membranes for selective gas separation with high permeability at variable temperature and pressure. 

A continuous factor is a factor that can take on any value within a given domain. Similarly, a continuous response is a response that can take on any value within a given range. Examples of continuous factors are pressure, volume, weight, distance, time, current, flow rate, and reagent concentration. Examples of continuous responses are yield, profit, efficiency, effectiveness, impurity concentration, sensitivity, selectivity, and rate. 

Although there have been few new developments in the period since 1993, halogenopyrazines 42 have been convenient precursors for a variety of pyrazine derivatives. For example, the halogenopyrazines 42 are cyanated by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with alkali cyanide or by treatment with copper cyanide in refluxing picoline, to yield cyanopyrazines 48. Alkoxypyrazines 49 are produced by treatment with alkoxide-alcohol, and aminopyrazines 50 are prepared by amination with ammonia or appropriate amines. The nucleophilic substitution of chloropyrazine with sodium alkoxide, phenoxide, alkyl- or arylthiolate is efficiently effected under focused microwave irradiation <2002T887>. 

A variety of transition metal-carbene complexes have been prepared and characterized. None of these are known to efficiently effect intermolecular C-H insertion. An electrophilic iron carbcne complex can, however, participate in intramolecular C-H insertions (Section I.2.2.3.2.I.). More commonly, transition metal complexes are used to catalyze intramolecular C-H insertion starting with a diazo precursor. In these cases, the intermediate metal carbene complexes are not isolated. 

Catalysts and their effects on chemical reactions aid in efficiency, effectiveness and selectivity. A recent example of current research is redox and ligand exchange reactions of the oxygenation catalyst (N,N -bis(salicylidene)ethylenediaminato)co-balt(II), Co(SALEN)2 (below), and its one-electron oxidation product, Co(salen) 2-These were investigated in DMF, pyridine, and mixtures of these solvents. Solvent effects on the potentials, the thermodynamics of cross reactions, and the distribution of Co(II) and Co(III) species as a function of the solvent composition are important considerations (Eichhorn, 1997). The results in these solvents should be compared with other work with catalysts using more environmentally benign media (Collins et al., 1998). 

The byproduct sitosterol was for many years quite useless due to the lack of a chemical point of attack on the side chain that would permit its removal. Extensive efforts on the part of many laboratories eventually led to the discovery of a pseudomonas microbe that efficiently effected that transformation. Fermentation of (4-1) digests the entire aliphatic side chain at 17 to afford a mixture of 17-keto products including dehydroepiandrosterone (4-2) [4]. 

For example, your history of employment—what skills did you learn in the jobs you held that could help you become part of an efficient, effective team of firefighters Do any assignments or projects you were... 

Initially do as told and stick to the rules, but as a wider range of competences is acquired start to manipulate situations. Practical skill coupled with an ability to tune into situations leads to efficiency, effectiveness, virtuosity - a polished performance but sticking basically to established or approved scripts. This is the manager developing from apprentice to craftsperson. 

This is because of lower raw materials costs through increased production on the part of the resin manufacturers as well as continuing manufacturing efficiencies effected by the mill shape processors. 

From our perspective there are two ways to address these problems (1) to establish and support less stringent cleanup standards, and/or (2) to develop and implement more cost-efficient, effective remediation technologies. The scope and magnitude of the environmental contamination problems in the U.S. are such that a combination of these two options will be required. 

As reported by Yagi (3) a small amount of yuzurimine (43) acts as a weak depressant for the central nervous system. With larger quantities it was proved that this alkaloid had an efficient effect on muscle relaxation and sedation. 

The integrated team is most likely to prove efficient, effective, and successful in IND (and other regulatory) submissions. 

Lithium tetrafluoroborate efficiently catalyzes the cyclization of n-hydroxybenzaldimines 469 with 3,4-dihydro-277-pyran 455 at ambient temperature to afford a class of pyrano derivatives representated by 470 in excellent yields with high diastereoselectivity (Equation 34) <2001TL6381>. The use of catalytic indium trichloride and phospho-nium perchlorate has been found to efficiently effect the same transformation <2002T10301>. 

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