Efficiencies Carbonate

Stampfl C and Scheffler M 1997 Mechanism of efficient carbon monoxide oxidation at Ru(OOOI) J. Vac. Sci. Technoi. A 15 1635... 

Fig. 5. Water-use efficiency (carbon basis) v. average carbon isotope discrimination in the whole plant, r= -0.88. Open symbols represent well-watered plants and closed symbols represent plants that were droughted. Tifton 8 A, Florunner A, VB187 and +, Chico are cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). (From Flubick etal., 1986).

Silver belongs to the late transition metals and, like gold, favors coordination to C=C triple bonds. A lot of silver-containing organometallic complexes, where silver-alkyne interactions assist the assembly of the complexes, are known. None of these complexes, however, was applied to efficient carbon-carbon bond formation in organic synthesis. 

Ren, S. Bernardi, M. Lunt, R. R. Bulovic, V. Grossman, J. C. Gradecak, S., Toward efficient carbon nanotube/P3ht solar cells Active layer morphology, electrical, and optical properties. Nano Lett. 2011,11, 5316-5321. 

As aforementioned, the introduction of carbon nanomaterials is an effective strategy to take on some of the contemporary challenges in the field of DSSCs. In particular, enhanced charge injection and charge transport processes in carbon nanomaterial-doped electrodes, efficient carbon nanomaterial-based, iodine-free, quasi-solid state electrolytes, and the use of novel nanographene hybrids as dyes are some of the most stunning milestones. All of these milestones are considered as solid proof for the excellent prospect of carbon nanomaterials in DSSCs. The major goal of this chapter is to... 

Because of the weak C-Te bond, organotellurides can serve as efficient carbon radical precursors [13]. However, they are generally unstable to handle, unlike the... 

Both hydrogen addition and carbon rejection processes will be necessary in any realistic scheme of heavy oil upgrading (Suchanek and Moore, 1986). Most coker products require hydrogenation and most hydrotreated products require some degree of fractionation. For example, to maximize yields of transport fuels from Maya crude, efficient carbon rejection followed by hydrogenation may be necessary. There are various other approaches to the processing of other heavy oil residua (Bakshi and Lutz, 1987 Johnson et al., 1985). As of now, it is not known which combination of processes best converts a heavy feedstock into salable products. 

A novel methodology for efficient carbon-carbon bond formation via nucleophilic attack of iV-methylaldimines with neither pre- or post-activation has been reported (Scheme 74).111... 

Very small quantities of methanol are now consumed in the denitrification of waste water. Methanol is used as a carbon source by bacteria which convert nitrates and nitrites to nitrogen. Methanol is an efficient carbon source and decreases the production of byproducts. The potential requirement for a carbon source for water denitrification is large but the use of methanol is threatened by cheaper feedstocks. One large denitrification plant in the U.S., for example, uses brewery waste as a carbon source. In the future, water treatment plants designed for water denitrification may utilize a less expensive alternate carbon source than methanol. 

Hori H, Ishatani O, Koike K, Johnson FPA, Ibusuki T. Efficient carbon dioxide photoreduction by novel metal complexes and its reaction mechanisms. Energy Conversion 1995 36 621 1. 

Efficient carbon and nitrogen sources for the production of DOD from triolein were glucose, galactose, fructose, and yeast extract, respectively. Under optimized conditions, the maximum yield of DOD production represented 66% of substrate. These results demonstrated that natural vegetable oils, without being intentionally hydrolyzed, could be used as efficient substrates for the microbial production of value-added hydroxy fatty acids by PR3. 

Landsberg, J. J. Waring, R. H. (1997). A generalised model of forest productivity using simplified concepts of radiation-use efficiency, carbon balance and partitioning. Forest Ecology and Management, 95, 209-28. 

The importance of fluorinated organic componnds both in medicinal chemistry and biochemistry has resulted in much recent attention towards efficient carbon fluorine bond formation [30]. The reactions developed include a very successful electrophilic asymmetric mono-fluormation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds [31]. A nucleophilic variant was also investigated. In this context, the groups of Togni and Mezzetti have established that ruthenium Lewis acids could efficiently catalyze fluorination reactions [32]. In the presence of [Ru(l,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)2Cl][PF6] (8) (10 mol%), fert-butyl iodide reacted at room temperature with TIF (1.1 equiv.) to yield fert-butyl fluoride (84% yield). This reaction was extended successfully to a range of organic halides (Entries 1-3, Scheme 10.19). The use of the chiral complex [Ru((lS,2S)-N,N bis[2-diphenylphos-phino)benzylidene]diaminocydohexane))Cl][PF6] (9) showed modest chiral induction at the outset of the reaction (Entry 4, Scheme 10.17). The near-racemic mixture obtained at completion points to an SNl-type process in this nucleophilic halide... 

The (hetero) Diels-Alder reaction also is one of the most efficient carbon-carbon bond-forming processes in the construction of six-membered rings, by virtue of the high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity obtained at up to four newly created chiral centers [111]. 

In the manufacture of steel, pure oxygen is blown through molten iron to remove some of the carbon impurity. If the combustion of carbon is efficient, carbon dioxide (density = 1.80 g/L) is produced. Incomplete combustion produces the poisonous gas carbon monoxide (density = 1.15 g/L) and should be avoided. If you measure a gas density of 1.77 g/L, what do you conclude ... 

In spite of the overall low productivity of high altitude habitats, mountain plants possess a highly efficient carbon fixation capacity in order to complete their life cycles in the short growing season of temperate climates. In fact, many alpine species are of the stress tolerant type (Jones Maberly, 2003) (see section 5.4). As reviewed above, the equivalent thermal restriction in the tropical high elevations would be the few hours of moderate temperature in each circadian cycle. Low temperature, high irradiance and low CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) -see below- all contribute to reduce carbon assimilation. 

The yeast produced by continuous culture techniques is separated from the liquid medium and solvent washed by centrifugation or filtration techniques. After drying, a protein supplement is obtained, which contains 65-68% protein and is suitable for addition to animal feeds. This protein content compares very favorably with that of dry fish meal, which contains about 65%, and dry skim milk powder with about 32%. The SCP processes have operated on the thousands of tonne/year scale in the U.K., France, and Italy, but regulatory problems with facilities operating on unpurified gas oil feedstocks have caused some shutdowns [64]. Nevertheless, because of a cell mass doubling time of 2.5-3 hr and the efficient carbon conversion to protein of this technology, these developments deserve to be explored further. 

The cleanness of this system with respect to (1) the generation of HO- radicals and (2) their primary reactivity with hydrocarbon substrates (KH, rather than solvent or ligand) has been demonstrated through the use of PhSeSePh as an efficient carbon radical trap. 

Palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions of organometals represent the most important and efficient carbon-carbon bond construction methodology... 

Meyer F, Raquez JM, Dubios P et til (2010) Imidazolium end-functionalized poly(L-lactide) for efficient carbon nanotube dispersion. Chem Commun 46 5527-5529... 

Volume 1 in this Series described practical tips for performing some topical oxidation and reduction reactions. This Volume features modem methods for carbon-carbon bond formation, which has always been at the heart of organic synthesis. In recent times, very efficient carbon-carbon bond-forming catalysts have been invented, to assist bench chemists in industry and academia to construct interesting target molecules. 

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