Nanomaterials, carbon-based

Herzog, E. et al. (2007) A new approach to the toxicity testing of carbon-based nanomaterials - the clonogenic assay. Toxicology Letters, 174 (1-3), 49-60. 

CNTs have been one of the most actively studied electrode materials in the past few years due to their unique electronic and mechanical properties. From a chemistry point of view, CNTs are expected to exhibit inherent electrochemical properties similar to other carbon electrodes widely used in various electrochemical applications. Unlike other carbon-based nanomaterials such as C60 and C70 [31], CNTs show very different electrochemical properties. The subtle electronic properties suggest that carbon nanotubes will have the ability to mediate electron transfer reactions with electroactive species in solution when used as the electrode material. Up to now, carbon nanotube-based electrodes have been widely used in electrochemical sensing [32-35], CNT-modified electrodes show many advantages which are described in the following paragraphs. 

Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery in Oncology... 

Ng, Y. H. Ikeda, S. Matsumura, M. Amal, R., A perspective on fabricating carbon-based nanomaterials by photocatalysis and their applications. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012,5 9307-9318. 

Perez S, Farre M, Barcelo D (2009) Analysis, behavior and ecotoxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials in the aquatic environment. Trends Analyt Chem 28 820-832 Hao LH, Wang ZY, Xing BS (2009) Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO(2) nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Juvenile Carp (Cyprinus carpio). J Environ Sci (China) 21 1459-1466... 

In conclusion, carbon-based nanomaterials generally exhibit a good electron-accepting ability. Empty fullerenes are capable of undergoing multiple, distinct one electron... 

A. Magrez et al., Cellular toxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials. Nano Lett. 6, 1121-1125 (2006)... 

Carbon Nanotubes, Fullerenes, and Quantum Dots Carbon nanotubes and fuller-enes are carbon-based nanomaterials, and quantum dots are semiconductor nano-... 

An interesting offshoot in the context of carbon-based nanomaterials is the role of external perturbations in modulating their physical and chemical characteristics. These perturbations can include cations or neutral atoms. In this context, we examined the magnetic properties of exohedral fullerenes of alkali metal fullerides (Aj,-C6o. A = Na, K, Rb, Cs) [148-150] and the spin properties of endohedral fullerenes (A C6o, A = N, P, As, O, S) [128,151] (Fig. 34.11). The most interesting aspect of the experimental... 

This section will consider in greater detail specific examples of particular types of nanomaterials interacting with different media in the environment. The fate and transport of carbon-based nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes and fuUerenes, in aqueous environments and the properties of commercial oxide nanoparticles that affect their removal in water will be discussed. Nanomaterial exposure to soils and porous media, focusing on transport and retention, as well as environmental interactions of cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots with biofilms will be presented. These specific examples provide an idea of the types of environmental interactions that must be considered, and illustrate that environmental impacts of nanomaterials cannot be generalized, but rather, are dependent on properties of the material in question and the environment to which it is exposed or transported. 

Fullerenes are another carbon-based nanomaterial that may be exposed to aquatic environments. There has been increased commercial interest in Ceo (buckybaUs) for a variety of applications, including fuel cells and drug delivery agents. There is a lack of knowledge relating to environmental and health effects of Ceo, but concern is rising due to fullerene s ability to bind and cleave DNA and inhibit enzyme activity (64, 65). 

Although considerable further work is required before any new drugs based on carbon nanotubes are developed, it is hoped that it will eventually lead to more effective treatments for eaneer. However, it is too early to claim whether carbon-based nanomaterials will beeome clinically viable tools to combat cancer, although there is definitely room for them to eomplement existing technologies. 

Bianco A, Kostarelos K, Prato M. Opportunities and challenges of carbon-based nanomaterials for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008 5 331-342. 

As a critical component of the DSSC, counter electrode is also a key to the flexibility of the device. Some flexible conductive materials, such as conducting polymers, carbon-based nanomaterials and their composites have been employed as flexible counter electrodes to replace the Pt electrode in the fabrication of flexible DSSCs. For instance, after coating with conducting polymer PEDOT, a flexible counter electrode was developed with low sheet resistance and served as an ideal candidate in replacement of the conventional Pt counter electrode (Fig. 9.1B) (Mozer et al., 2010). 

Finally, the D band, which is a weak shoulder of the G-band at 1615 cm (with 514.5 nm excitation), is also a double resonance energy dispersive feature induced by disorder and defects and provides a complementary peak to assess the degree of modification in carbon-based nanomaterials. 

C. Cha, S.R. Shin, N. Annabi, M.R. Dokmeci, A. Khademhosseini, Carbon-based nanomaterials multifunctional materials for biomedical engineering. ACS Nano 4, 2891-2897 (2010)... 

Synthesis Of Polymer Composites And Carbon-based Nanomaterials In Ionic Liquids 123... 

Synthesis of Polymer Composites and Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Ionic Liquids... 

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