Tablet granulations

Horizontal trough mixer, with ribbon blades, paddles or beaters Rotating element produces contra-flow movement of materials Dry and moist powders Chemicals, food, pigments, tablet granulation... 

Wurster, D.E., Preparation of compressed tablet granulations by the air-suspension technique II, /. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 49 (1960) 82-84. 

Oral 250, 500 mg tablets, 500, 1000 mg extended-release tablets granules for 125, 250 mg/5 mL oral suspension Erythromycin (generic, others)... 

Tablets, granules, suspension HPLC phase, filter, use low-actinic flasks Extracted with cm, 1.5 ml/min Bondapak C18 buffer—17.04 g K2HP04, 16.56 g KH2P04, 9.2 g TBAH/1 5 mA/PICB5, pH 3.5 230 nm for tablets, limit for aminophenol also described, ISTD-acetaminophen TLC [152]...

Warren JW and Price JC. 1977. Drug migration during drying of tablet granulations. II. Effect of binder solution viscosity and drying temperature. J. Pharm. Sci. 66 1409-1412. 

Heat and mass transfer between particle/ particle or particle/surface Coating of pharmaceutical tablets Granulation Mixing of solids Plastic coating of surfaces... 

Characteristics of batch fluid bed spray granulators to produce tablet granulations in the pharmaceutical industry. Flowsheet given in Fig. 7.9. 

Fig. 7.9. Batch fluid bed spray granulator used to produce tablet granulations in the pharmaceutical industry. Air-flow necessary for fluidization is generated by a suction-fan (2) mounted in the top portion of the unit, directly driven by an electric motor. The air being used is heated to the desired temperature by an air heater (5). Prefilters remove all impurities at the air inlet (6). The material to be processed has been loaded into the material container (1). The container bottom consists of a perforated plate above which a fine mesh stainless steel retaining screen is fitted. Exhaust filters (7) mounted above the product container retain fines and dust. The granulating liquid (3) is sprayed as a fine mist through a mechanical or pneumatically actuated nozzle (4) onto the finely dispersed, fluidized material to form the desired agglomerates. (Courtesy Aeromatic AG.)...

Senna is available in the form of tablets, chewable tablets, granules or liquid (oral solution). 

Select and evaluate formulation process(es), such as tabletting, granulation, lyophilization, or microencapsulation. 

Tablet binder Substance used to cause adhesion of powder particles in tablet granulations Acacia, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose sodium compressible sugar, ethylcellulose gelatin, liquid glucose, metylcellulose povidone, pregelatinized starch...

Tablets, granules, suspension Amiodarone hydrochloride HPLC Extracted with AcOH-H20 (15 85), low-actinic flasks Bondapak Clg 5 mA/PlCB5, pH 3,5 w/AcOH-MeOH (9 1) 230 nm acetaminophen TLC [1], GC [2], stability [1104] suppositories [155,175] [152]...

Film-coating was developed early in the 1950s to help resolve many of the problems associated with sugar-coating. It involves the application of a film-forming polymer onto the surface of a substrate (such as tablets, granules, and capsules). In addition to the polymer, the film contains plasticizers and colorants, which are needed to achieve the desired properties in the final dosage form. 

The wet granulation process, apparatus, and pharmaceutical applications have been comprehensively reviewed by Kristensen and Schaefer (see the article on Tablet Granulation in this encyclopedia). 

Unless carefully designed, non-uniform distribution of air over the trays results in variations in temperature and drying times within the oven. Variations of 7°C in temperature have been found from location to location during the drying of tablet granules. Poor air circulation may permit local saturation and the cessation of drying. 

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