Effect of Drugs

TOXCENTER TOXCENTER on STN is a bibliographic database that covers the pharmacological, biochemical, physiological, and toxicologicitl effects of drugs and other chemicals. The data m TOXCENTER are from 1907 to the preseni, Tliere are more Ihan 5,7 million records (December, 2002). It is updaled weekly... 

The effects of drugs in animals are usually concentration dependent and are also often animal species and site-of-action dependent " " " thus the compounds may be present naturally in diets at low levels and produce no obvious adverse effects, either on the animal, gut microflora, meat, milk or eggs. The main purpose of the use of drugs in animal feeds is to improve the animal health and welfare and often to improve growth at minimum cost to the producer.In the case of naturally produced compounds that may occur in the feedstuff s of animals, these compounds may impair animal health and performance as well as cause im-... 

TOXLINE (non-royalty based) Toxicology Information Online National Library of Medicine 8600 Roekville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 (301) 496-1131 On-line bibliographic database covering the pharmacological, physiological, and toxicological effects of drugs and chemicals. Information is taken from eleven secondary sources. 

Cellular context refers to the physiological conditions present for the particular tissue of interest in a therapeutic environment. It can be important in determining the effects of drugs, and therefore in how drugs are screened and... 

Operational model, devised and published by James Black and Paul Leff (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Biol. 220,141-162, 1983), this model uses experimental observation to describe the production of a physiological response by an agonist in general terms. It defines affinity and the ability of a drug to induce a response as a value of x, which is a term describing the system (receptor density and efficiency of the cell to convert an activated receptor stimulus into a response) and the agonist (efficacy). It has provided a major advance in the description of functional effects of drugs see Chapter 3.6 for further discussion. 

Antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors had widely been used since 1860 for the treatment of Parkinson s disease, prior to the discovery of l-DOPA. They block receptors that mediate the response to striatal cholinergic interneurons. The antiparkinsonian effects of drugs like benzatropine, trihexyphenidyl and biper-iden are moderate the resting tremor may sometimes respond in a favorable manner. The adverse effects, e.g., constipation, urinary retention, and mental confusion, may be troublesome, especially in the elderly. 

Undesired Effects of Drugs that Interfere with Transporter Function... 

When a -adrenergic blocking ophthalmic preparation, such as timolol, is administered to patients with glaucoma, it is important to insist that they have periodic follow-up examinations by an ophthalmologist. At these examinations, the intraocular pressure should be measured to determine the effectiveness of drug therapy. 

Respiratory depression can be a serious event requiring administration of a respiratory stimulant. When an analeptic is administered, the nurse notes and records the rate, depth, and character of the respirations before the drug is given to provide a database for evaluation of the effectiveness of drug therapy. Oxygen is usually ordered for before and after administration of a respiratory stimulant. After administration, the nurse monitors respirations closely and records the effects of therapy. 

Ineffective Airway Qearance related to congestion, excessive secretions, rebound effect of drug... 

After administration of the drug, the nurse observes the patient for the effectiveness of drug therapy. Breathing should improve, and tiie patient will appear less anxious. If relief does not occur, the nurse notifies the primary health care provider because a different drug or an increase in dosage may be necessary. 

When expectorants are given to those with chronic pulmonary disease, the nurse evaluates the effectiveness of drug therapy (ie, the patient s ability to raise sputum) and records this finding in the patient s chart. 

During initial therapy, the nurse observes the patient for the effects of drug therapy. The type of assessment will depend on factors such as the reason for the... 

The nurse examines areas of edema daily to evaluate the effectiveness of drug therapy and records the finding in the patient s chart. The nurse examines the patient s general appearance and condition daily or more often if the patient is acutely ill. 

The nurse monitors die patient s response to therapy daily. If after several days die symptoms of the UTI have not improved or if they become worse, the nurse notifies the primary healtii care provider as soon as possible Periodic urinalysis and urine culture and sensitivity tests may be ordered to monitor die effects of drug dierapy. 

During the preadministration assessment, the nurse reviews the patient s chart for the medical diagnosis and reason for administration of the prescribed drug. The nurse questions the patient regarding the type and intensity of symptoms (such as pain, discomfort, diarrhea, or constipation) to provide a baseline for evaluation of the effectiveness of drug therapy. 

The ongoing assessment depends on the reason the drug was prescribed and the condition of the patient. Men receiving an androgen or anabolic steroid are questioned by tlie primary health care provider or nurse regarding the effectiveness of drug therapy. 

Evans EB, Balster RL Inhaled 1,1,1-trichloroethane-produced physical dependence in mice effects of drugs and vapors on withdrawal. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 264 ... 

In the clinical setting, zanamivir 12 and oseltamivir 19 are effective in both the prevention and treatment of influenza A and B infection. Benefit in treatment is restricted to patients treated within 48 h of symptom onset (Fleming 2003). Importantly, the effects of drug treatment are a rednction in the severity of illness, and in the incidence of secondary complications. The term of illness is generally rednced between 1 and 2.5 days. The evalnation of zanamivir (Calfee and Hayden 1998 Oxford 2000 Fleming 2003), oseltamivir (Doncette and Aoki 2001 Oxford 2005) and peramivir (Sidwell and Smee 2002) for the treatment, and prophylaxis, of inflnenza virus infection has been reviewed. The reader is directed to these reviews for further details of drug pharmacodynamics and clinical trial data. 

FIGURE 9 Effect of drug loading on cumulative drug release from polymer discs prepared from 3,9-bis(ethylidene-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro-[5,5]undecane) and a 50 5Q mole ratio of trans-cyclohexane dimethanol and 1,6-hexanediol at pH 7.4 and 37 C. Drug loading 8 wt% (o),... 

The effect of drug concentration expression on epinephrine dosing errors a randomized trial. Ann 37 Intern Med 2008 148 11-14. 

Other than the different approaches mentioned above, commercial packages such as GastroPlus (Simulations Plus, Lancaster, CA) [19] and IDEA (LionBioscience, Inc. Cambridge, MA) [19] are available to predict oral absorption and other pharmacokinetic properties. They are both based on the advanced compartmental absorption and transit (CAT) model [20], which incorporates the effects of drug moving through the gastrointestinal tract and its absorption into each compartment at the same time (see also Chapter 22). 

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