Effectiveness authentication

Anchor scores Leadership Teamwork Stress resistance Effectivity Authenticity... 

Turpentine Oil.—This is readily recognised in oils which contain no pinene, as this is the main constituent of turpentine oil. It is usually found in the first distillates, and generally reduces the specific gravity and effects the solubility and optical rotation. Its presence is proved by the formation of pinene hydrochloride (melting-point 125°) and the nitro-sochloride (melting-point 103°). If pinene is a constituent of the oil itself, the addition of turpentine can only be proved by comparison with an authentic sample. 

The measurement of filth elements by microanalysis is a valuable adjunct in the enforcement of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and serves as an efficient means of evaluating conditions of cleanliness, decency, and sanitation in food-producing plants. This, of course, is in addition to the value of microanalytical methods in the determination of the fitness of foods as they reach the consumer. The techniques available, together with proficiency of manipulation, repeated references to authentic materials, and sound judgment in the interpretation of results, provide effective enforcement weapons in the constant war to prevent the production and interstate distribution of products which are unfit for the table of the American consumer. 

Jaganathan, J. and Dugar, S.M., Authentication of straight whiskey by determination of the ratio of furfural to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, JAOC Int., 82, 997, 1999. Wang, R. and Schroeder, S.R., The effect of caramel coloring on the multiple degradation pathways of aspartame, J. Food Sci. 65, 1100, 2000. 

To detect adulteration of wine. Bums et al. (2002) found that the ratios of acetylated to p-coumaroylated conjugates of nine characteristic anthocyanins served as useful parameters to determine grape cultivars for a type of wine. Our laboratory utilized mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis to provide spectral signature profiles that allowed the chemically based classification of antho-cyanin-containing fruits juices and produced distinctive and reproducible chemical fingerprints, making it possible to discriminate different juices. " This new application of ATR-FTIR to detect adulteration in anthocyanin-containing juices and foods may be an effective and efficient method for manufacturers to assure product quality and authenticity. 

Pollen analysis in combination with other techniques is still an effective tool for the authentication of the botanical origin of honey (Persano Oddo et ah, 1995 Von der Ohe et ah, 2004). It can distinguish polyfloral and different types of unifloral honeys (Mateo and Bosch-Reig, 1998). It can also indicate the percentages of different nectar contributions in honey products. A polymerase chain reaction technique and an... 

At Bayer CropScience, the use of a stable isotope IS has become common practice to eliminate the effects of matrix suppression on instrument signals. The stable isotopes are synthesized by deuterium exchange reactions on authentic native standards or the... 

To date, effecting the subsequent reaction chemistry (as hypothesized in Fig. 12.9) has not been possible in our laboratories. There have been indications that reaction of the epoxide quinone methide QM24 in chloroform with acetic acid may have opened the epoxide before rearomatizing the quinone methide moiety, but this is not well authenticated. However, all attempts to add phenols to this epoxide, particularly aimed at producing 8-0-4-ethers PI, have been unsuccessful. Similar reactions using QM25 have also failed. 

Four different amino acids have been selected for esterification to study the effect of R-group substituent of amino acid on rate and ease of esterification. The four acids are alanine, serine, aspartic acid and lysine. Their respective esters were prepared by reported methods to authenticate and compare with those prepared by our method. Alanine was esterified with ethanol to yield the ethyl ester, keeping -NH3+ group intact. This was also confirmed by acidity of final reaction mixture (pH- 3.2). There was about 50% conversion of alanine to its ethyl ester. Further work on ester formation, including qualitative and quantitative analysis, is in process. 

Bangchang et al. [142] studied a number of antimalarial drugs for their effect on the metabolism of primaquine by human liver microsomes (N = 4) in vitro. The only metabolite generated was identified as carboxyprimaquine by cochromatography with the authentic standard. 

Electron-transfer activation. The observation of intense coloration upon mixing the solutions of hydroquinone ether MA and nitrogen dioxide at low temperature derives from the transient formation of MA+ cation radical, as confirmed by the spectral comparison with the authentic sample. The oxidation of MA to the corresponding cation radical is effected by the nitrosonium oxidant, which is spontaneously generated during the arene-induced disproportionation of nitrogen dioxide,239 i.e.,... 

Ionic dissociation of carbon-carbon a-bonds in hydrocarbons and the formation of authentic hydrocarbon salts, 30, 173 Ionization potentials, 4, 31 Ion-pairing effects in carbanion reactions, 15, 153 Ions, organic, charge density-NMR chemical shift correlations, 11,125 Isomerization, permutational, of pentavalent phosphorus compounds, 9, 25 Isotope effects, hydrogen, in aromatic substitution reactions, 2,163... 

Pizza seems to have arrived in the UK from the USA rather than via Italy visiting American service men possibly had something to do with it. The effect of increased European travel and visits to Italian restaurants has led to a demand for authentic Italian pizza. The problem is, what is meant by pizza ... 

More interest has been generated by the potential effects of estrogens as modulators of LDL oxidation, a mechanism considered to be the authentic mediator of the detrimental action of LDL particles in atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL becomes trapped in an artery and is then internalized by macrophages (Steinberg 1997 Navab et al. 1996 Morel et al. 1983 Griendling and Alexander 1997). This internalization leads to the formation of lipid peroxides resulting... 

O—C(/2) coupling seems particularly rapid in vinyl nitroxides (Camaggi et al., 1972) and there are few authenticated examples of esr detection of such radicals except in circumstances where steric effects block the coupling reaction (Ahrens et al., 1975) or substituents stabilize the nitroxide by conjugation (Aurich et al., 1975). 

The placebo effect manifests itself in many ways, revealing that a host of bodily reactions can be influenced by mental attitude and by what an individual believes should happen. One widely noted Japanese study reported monumental effects on the allergic reactions of thirteen volunteers who were highly susceptible to poison ivy. An investigator rubbed one arm of each volunteer with a harmless green leaf, which he identified as poison ivy. He touched the volunteer s other arm with an authentic leaf of poison ivy, which he said was harmless. Despite the subjects known susceptibility, only two of them showed an allergic reaction to the really poisonous leaf. All thirteen subjects, however, developed a rash where they had been rubbed with the misidentified leaf that was actually harmless. 

Silica gel G contains a binder, calcium sulphate, to help it to adhere to the plate, but silica gel H does not and is preferable for some lipid separations, particularly polar mixtures. Some commercially prepared plates contain an alternative organic binder that does not interfere in the same way as calcium sulphate but can present some difficulty with location methods, particularly charring. The degree of hydration of the adsorbent and the particle size will effect the separation and because these cannot be guaranteed, authentic standards should always be run at the same time as the samples. 

---