Pollen analysis

SDS-PAGE, MALDI TOP MS, 2-D Gel HPLC, GC, GC-MS GC, GC-MS HPLC, FTIR Diastase analysis GC, enzymatic assay LC, LC-MS, CE Pollen analysis AES and ICP-AES... 

Pollen analysis in combination with other techniques is still an effective tool for the authentication of the botanical origin of honey (Persano Oddo et ah, 1995 Von der Ohe et ah, 2004). It can distinguish polyfloral and different types of unifloral honeys (Mateo and Bosch-Reig, 1998). It can also indicate the percentages of different nectar contributions in honey products. A polymerase chain reaction technique and an... 

Barth, O. M. (2005). Botanical resources used by Apis mellifera determined by pollen analysis of royal jelly in Minas Gerais. Brazil. ]. Apicult. Res. 44, 78-81. 

Dimou, M., Goras, G., and Thrasyvoulou, A. (2007). Pollen analysis as a means to determine the geographical origin of royal jelly. Grana 46,118-122. 

Moore, P. D. and Webb, J. A. (1978). An Illustrated Guide to Pollen Analysis. Hodder and Stoughton, London. 

Salih, A., Jones, A., Bass, D. and Cox, G. (1997). Confocal imaging of exine for grass pollen analysis. Grana 36 215-224. 

Moore PD, Webb JA, Collinson ME (1991) Pollen analysis. Blackwell, Oxford... 

One theory, based on the pollen analysis, suggests that when Otzi returned from a trip to higher altitudes, he got into a dispute with some people in the village. According to the isotope evidence coming from the Iceman s bones and teeth, he was familiar with the area, so he would have probably known the villagers—they may have even been relatives. Otzi retreated back into the moimtains after the fight, only to die at the hands of a skilled archer. 

But if this scenario is true, why was Otzi in the mountains in the first place Perhaps the fight occurred earlier, and Otzi fled into the mountains. Then, in accordance with the pollen analysis, he descended briefly, maybe to retrieve some supplies. But this descent may have been his undoing, for he might have been seen and tracked. High in the mountains, where no one would learn of the deed—at least not until 5,300 years later—the killer struck. 

Jhansi, P., Ramanujam, C.GK. Pollen analysis of extracted and squeezed honey of Hyderabad. India Geophytol 1987 17 237-240. 

Szibor, R., Schubert, C Schoning, R., Krause, D., and Wendt, U. (1998). Pollen analysis reveals murder season. Nature 395,450-451. 

Horrocks, M. (2004). Sub-sampling and preparing forensic samples for pollen analysis. J. Forensic Sci. 49,1024-1027. 

Point source Poisons and toxins Polar coordinates Polar ice caps Poliomyelitis Pollen analysis Pollination Pollution Pollution control... 

Palynology is the study of fossil pollen (and sometimes plant spores) extracted from lake sediment, peat bog, or other matrices. The most common goal of paly-nological research is to reconstruct the probable character of historical plant communities, inferred from the abundance of species in dated portions of the fossil pollen record. Pollen analysis is an extremely useful tool for understanding the character of ancient vegetation and its response to changes in environmental conditions, particularly in climate. Pollen analysis also has an economically important modem industrial use in the exploration for resources of fossil fnels. Palynology is also used to help reconstmct the probable habitats and foods of ancient humans and of wild animals. 

Present-day researches have shown that the climate of Central Asia varied rather widely. The proxy paleoclimatic data (sporo-pollen analysis, reconstraction of the levels of ancient lakes, fossil soils, archeological materials) prove that in different time periods essential changes in the water and heat balance were recorded on the territory of the modem Aral basin. The major global climate events, the response to which is detected also in the climate of Central Asia, were Eemian (about 125,000 years ago), the Last Glacial Maximum (about 21,000 yeas ago), and the mid-Holocene optimum (about 6,000 years ago). 

According to Broadbent (1960), pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating indicate that the rate of accumulation of organic soils is about one foot in SOO years. This value would vary widely from place to place with climatic conditions. It is not unusual for peat beds to experience cycles of gains and losses as climatic conditions change. 

Additional techniques, such as the elevation of geomorphic features and pollen analysis have also been used to cover much longer periods. 

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