Effective immune response

The active immunotherapeutic approach is specific and based on the premise that tumor antigens are immunogenic and the host is sufficientiy immunocompetent to mount an effective immune response to an autologous tumor. Theoretically, a weak or suppressed host immune system that had allowed the formation of a tumor may be overridden by active immunization or immunostimulation. In practice, vaccines composed of so-called autologous tumor extracts have been used to treat patients with malignant melanoma (73), and purified melanoma tumor-associated antigens have been used to ehcit antibody responses in melanoma patients (74). 

A large number of cells are involved in the immune response and all are derived fiom the multipotential stem cells of the bone marrow. The predominant cell is the lymphocyte but monocytes-macrophages, endothelial cells, eosinophils and mast cells are also involved with certain immune responses. The two types of immunity (humoral and cell-mediated) are dependent on two distinct populations of lymphocytes, the B cells and the T cells respectively. Both the humoral and the cell-mediated systems interact to achieve an effective immune response. 

The chosen model species must mount an effective immune response to the test vaccine (see Notes 3 and 4). 

Although it has been shown that delivering an antigen to the mucosal tissues of the female reproduction tract produces an effective immune response a number of researchers have explored the possibility of enhancing the response by using a nonspecific stimulatory adjuvant. 

Particle bombardment, which is also often referred to as ballistic particle delivery, can be used to deliver nucleic acid into many cells simultaneously. In this procedure, gold or tungsten micro particles are loaded with nucleic acid and accelerated to high velocity to enable them to pass through cellular membranes and plant cell walls. By the variation of the ballistic parameters (e.g., particle size or acceleration speed), it is possible to transfect successfully adherent cell cultures including plant cells [12], This technology is widely used for genetic vaccination where local expression of the delivered DNA is sufficient to achieve effective immune response [13]. 

To circumvent these two problems and taking advantage of the VLP stability, some methods have been developed to introduce multiple epitopes in the same VLP. One example is the use of porcine parvovirus VLP containing epitopes to induce cellular immune response (B cells, CD4+, and CTL). This strategy should allow the production of cheaper and more potent vaccines that will in turn induce a more effective immune response... 

The uptake of antigen by M cells is believed to be an important process for the development of mucosal immunity. The ability to develop vaccines that target M cells to enhance antigen uptake would therefore increase the likelihood that an effective immune response could be elicited. 

To respond effectively to a vast array of pathogens, the immune system must be tremendously adaptable. Adaptation by the immune system follows the principles of evolution an enormously diverse set of potentially useful proteins is generated these proteins are then subjected to intense selection so that only cells that express useful proteins flourish and continue development, until an effective immune response to a specific invader is generated. 

Parenteral Route. Parenteral vaccination remains the immunization method of choice for most antigens because it provides more effective immune response than do any other routes of vaccination in most cases. Every years millions of people receive inactivated influenza vaccine by parenteral administration. Subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated influenza vaccine is known to induce simultaneous immune responses in the blood and upper respiratory tract of subjects. The immune response, i.e., the increase in the number of influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells in peripheral blood and tonsils, increased rapidly to reach a peak within 1 week after vaccination.Parenteral vaccination of a DNA vaccine encoding glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 resulted in systemic cellular and humoral responses. The mucosal humoral responses generated by intramuscular and intradermal vaccination were comparable with those obtained by mucosal vaccination. The DNA vaccine was able to... 

Conceptually, there are three primary methods of therapeutic intervention against HIV inhibition of viral replication, vaccination to stimulate a more effective immune response, and restoration of the immune system with immunomodulators. Several approaches for an... 

The immune response develops, matures, and then declines over the lifespan. Most newborn mammals are unable to produce an effective immune response and depend for protection upon antibody transferred from the mother during the first few days or weeks of life. Antibody of the IgG class crosses the placenta and temporarily protects the newborn. In addition, colostrum can provide IgM and IgG antibody, followed by IgA in the milk. Later, the more mature... 

Passive immunity is transient—lasting no more than several weeks to a few months. The individual does not mount his or her own immune response to antigens. Acquired passive immunity is important when time does not permit active vaccination alone, when the exposed individual is at high risk for complications of the disease, or when the person suffers from an immune system deficiency that renders that person unable to produce an effective immune response. 

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