Effects of inorganic salts

Neddermeyer, P. A. and Rogers, L. B., Column efficiency and electrolyte effects of inorganic salts in aqueous gel chromatography, Anal. Chem., 41, 94, 1969. 

Benzoin Condensation. The benzoin condensation is a related reaction consisting of treating an aromatic aldehyde with potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide usually in an aqueous ethanolic solution. Breslow studied the effects of inorganic salts on the rate... 

Krebs, H. A. The Effect of Inorganic Salts on the Ketone Decomposition... 

Tang, W. K., H. W. Eickner. Effect of Inorganic Salts on Pyrolysis of Wood, Cellulose, and Lignin Determined by Differential Thermal Analysis FPL Research Paper 82, U.S.D.A., 1967. 

Kinetic evidence has been obtained for ion-pair formation when the effects of inorganic salts on the alkaline hydrolysis of A(-phthaloylglycine (188) were investigated. Kinetic studies have been reported of acetyl transfer in acetonitrile from N-acetyloxypyridinium cations (189) to 4-(4 -A(,A(-dimethylaminostyryl)pyridine A(-oxide (190), pyridine A(-oxide (191) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (192). In a follow-up... 

The effect of inorganic salts and drugs on the cloud point of 2% HPMC gels... 

Illustrative Example 5.4 Quantifying the Effect of Inorganic Salts on Aqueous Solubility and Aqueous Activity Coefficients... 

The effect of inorganic salts on the concentration of the model compounds appeared to be inconsistent throughout the bench-scale... 

K. Deguchi and K. Meguro, The effects of inorganic salts and urea on the micellar structure of nonionic surfactant, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 50 (1975) 223-227. 

While for nonionic systems, the effect of inorganic salt on CMC is small, it is large for ionic surfactants and this difference is expected since the micelle - small ion interaction must be completely different in the two cases. The decrease in CMC for ionic systems corresponds usually to a linear relation between the logarithm of the CMC and the total counterion concentration, if a salt of the counterion is added. For divalent ions, the slope of the plot of log CMC versus counterion concentration is half of that of monovalent ions. 

Cause of denaturation. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the denaturation of muscle proteins (9-17). These hypotheses include 1) the effects of inorganic salts concentrated into the liquid phase of the frozen system 2) water-activity relations 3) reactions with lipids 4) reaction with formaldehyde derived from trimethyl amine (in fish) 5) auto-oxidation ... 

The data about the electrophoretic behaviour of bubbles in aqueous electrolytes, the first concerning electrophoretic mobilities and zeta-potential, can be regarded as a main direct source of information about surface charge at solution/air interface. As cited by many earlier authors, the electrokinetic behaviour of a gas bubble in aqueous solutions has been studied for over a century [e.g. 174-181]. However, the mechanism of creation of surface charge and the effect of inorganic salts, etc. are not completely clear. Recently Li and Somasunderan [182,183] and Kelsall et al. [184,185] have reported some new results in this field. 

M. M. Nassar, A. Bilgesu, and G. D. M. MacKay, Effect of inorganic salt on product composition during pyrolysis of black spruce. Wood and Fiber Science, 18(2), 3-10 (1986). 

The conception that the hydrophobicity of a protein is the property of its surface is used as the basis of the technique suggested by Melander and Horvath 30). This technique consists of an analysis of the effects of inorganic salts on the aqueous solubility of proteins30). According to the model considered by Melander et al.30), the free energy of solvation of a protein macromolecule in aqueous solution is described by Eq (3) (see above). The presence of a salt alters the protein solubility due to the concentration-dependent effect of the salt on the free energy of formation... 

Zhao, Y. et al.. Effects of inorganic salt on ceramic membrane microfiltration of titanium dioxide suspensions.. 1. Membr. Sci., 254, 81, 2005. 

The effects of inorganic salts on plasma cholinesterase (E16) are largely contradictory. Fruentova (F9) reported that divalent cations are more effective inhibitors of horse serum cholinesterase than are monovalent ions, whereas divalent ions are frequently reported to have a marked activating effect (H38, T8, VI). Lithium and sodium nitrates have been shown by in vitro studies of the reaction of human plasma cholinesterase with benzoylcholine to have identical inhibition profiles (W21), while sodium and potassium chlorides had very similar inhibitory actions on the hydrolysis of acetylcholine by human plasma (H47). Silver nitrate, copper sulfate, and mercuric chloride are powerful inhibitors of F. polycolor butyrylcholinesterase (N2). Cohen and Oosterbaum (C12) concluded that activation by cations occurring at the usual substrate concentration is highly dependent on the experimental conditions. This supposition is very relevant to the somewhat random choice of buffers and substrates in the work reported above. 

Table 20. Catalytic effect of inorganic salts on Halex reaction... 

The effect of inorganic salts, for example sodium chloride, on the hydrolysis of chitosan in a microwave field was investigated by Li et al. [78]. The reactions were conducted in a domestic microwave oven. It was found that the molecular weight of the degraded chitosan obtained by microwave irradiation was considerably lower than that obtained by convectional heating. 

Table 4.4. Effects of inorganic salts, added to the (2R,3R)-tartaric acid modifying solution, on enantioselectivity in the hydrogenation of MAA on MRNi (mainly according to Harada ).

Rasrendra CB, Makertihartha IGBN, Adisasmito S, Heeres HJ (2010) Green chemicals liom D-glucose systematic studies on catalytic effects of inorganic salts on the chemo-selectivity and yield in aqueous solutions. Top Catal 53 1241-1247... 

The composition of such breakdown products is highly dependent on the precursor, the heating conditions and whether a catalyst is used or not. The term catalyst in this sense is a substance which has an influence on the actual cellulose pyrolysis process. Tamaru [66] investigated the effect of inorganic salts on the pyrolysis and combustion of cellulose. Garn and Denison [67] investigated flame retardants for cotton, which had a direct spin-off for carbon fiber manufacture. Typical treatment products/catalysts that have been investigated... 

EUeger, J. Tatarczak, M. Effect of inorganic salts as mobile-phase additives on lipophilicity values determined by reversed-phase thin layer chromatography for new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives. J. Planar Qiromatogr. -Mod. TLC 2006,19, 386. 

Izutsu, K., Aoyagi, N. (2005). Effect of inorganic salts on crystallization of poly(ethylene glycol) in frozen solutions. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2SS(1), 101-108. 

The effects of inorganic salts on the rate of the aqueous cyanide-catalyzed benzoin condensation were discussed in terms of stabilization or destabilization of the water structure (Kool and Breslow, 1988) ... 

Table 6.2 Effect of inorganic salts on asymmetric hydiophosphonylation of benzaldehyde ...

Bahadur, P., Pandya, K., Ahngren, M., Li, P., Stilbs, P. Effect of inorganic salts on the micellar behavior of ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymer in aqueous solution. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1993, 271(1), 657-667. 

Khan, M.N., Ismail, E., Misran, O. An empirical approach to study the anion selectivity at aqueous cationic micellar surface effects of inorganic salts on kinetically determined cationic micellar binding constant of ionized phenyl sah-cylate. J. Mol. Liq. 2003, 107, 277-287. 

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