Proteins macromolecules

Ultrafiltration Pressure gradient <0.1 p.m-5 nm Emulsions, colloids, macromolecules, proteins... 

Enzymes, see also Macromolecules Proteins activity, steric effects on, 156-158, 209-210, 226... 

Conventionally, central and special metabolic pathways are distinguished. Central pathways are common to the decomposition and synthesis of major macromolecules. Actually, they are much alike in all representatives of the living world. Special cycles are characteristic of the synthesis and decomposition of individual monomers, macromolecules, cofactors, etc. Special cycles are extremely diversified, especially in the plant kingdom. For this reason, the plant metabolism is conventionally classified into primary and secondary metabolisms. The primary metabolism includes the classical processes of synthesis and deeradation of major macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, etc.), while the secondary metabolism ensuing from the primary one includes the conversions of special biomolecules (for example, alkaloids, terpenes, etc.) that perform regulatory or other functions, or simply are metabolic end byproducts. 

The mixture of liposomes and macromolecules was first dried under nitrogen the two types of molecules formed a multilamellar film with sandwich structures. Larger liposomes, containing macromolecules (proteins or RNA) were formed on rehydration. This process could have occurred in hot regions of the young Earth with the help of the tidal rhythm of the oceans. 

With these difficulties in mind, it is instructive to look at main biological macromolecules - proteins, DNA, and RNA - that have precise and specific structures. These polymers in living systems are responsible for functions, which are incomparably more complex and diverse than the functions that we... 

Protein Data Bank (http //www.rcsb.org/pdb), international repository of experimentally resolved stmctures of biological macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, viruses), including anotations. 

A recent in vitro study of mice hepatic microsomes indicated that a reductive pathway may also play an important role in chloroform hepatotoxicity (Testai et al. 1990). It was demonstrated that radical chloroform metabolites bind to macromolecules (proteins, lipids) and the process can be inhibited by reduced GSH. 

The main component of E. coli—as in all cells—is water (70%). The other components are macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides), small organic molecules, and inorganic ions. The majority of the macromolecules are proteins, which represent ca. 55% of the dry mass of the cell. When a number of assumptions are made about the distribution and size (average mass 40 kDa) of proteins, it can be estimated that there are approximately 250000 protein molecules in the cytoplasm of an E. coli cell. In eukaryotic cells, which are about a thousand times larger, it is estimated that the number of protein molecules is in the order of several billion. 

Many biological processes depend on a specific interaction between molecules. The interaction often involves a macromolecule (protein or nucleic acid) and a smaller molecule, a ligand. Specific examples include enzyme-substrate interactions and receptor protein-hormone interactions. One of the most... 

Both the concentration-polarization layer and membrane fouling are present (filtration in presence of macromolecules, proteins, cells in the liquid phase). 

In both cellular and humoral immunity, recognition of the foreign invader depends upon the recognition of foreign macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids) these foreign components are called antigens. 

Whether fluorophores are intrinsic or extrinsic to the macromolecule (protein, peptide, or DNA), depolarization is the result of two motions, fluorophore local motions and macromolecule global rotation. 

Polymerization of macromolecules (proteins nucleic acids, enzymes,... 

X-ray crystallographers have now determined the structures of approximately one hundred biological macromolecules — proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses — to atomic resolution. These investigations have demonstrated that, unlike synthetic polymers, the biological molecules have specific three-dimensional conformations. Indeed, all information required to specify the structure of a protein is contained in the sequence of amino acids, and therefore the structure is also implicit in the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA or RNA genome. Analysis of the structures has provided explanations of their biological functions, and has revealed that there are recurrent architectural themes in their de-sign (J, 2). 

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