Effect of genetics

The FEP and PDLD approaches developed in the previous chapters can be used conveniently to calculate the effect of genetic mutations. For example, one can calculate the reaction profile for the native and mutant... 

Innes, P., Blackwell, R.D. Quarrie, S.A. (1984). Some effects of genetic variation in drought induced abscisic acid accumulation on the yield and water use of spring wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 102, 341-51. 

These detailed cell models can be used to study the development in time of processes like myocardial ischaemia (a reduction in coronary blood flow that causes under-supply of oxygen to the cardiac muscle), or effects of genetic mutations on cellular electrophysiology. They allow to predict the outcome of changes in the cell s environment, and may even be used to assess drug actions. 

M. J. Brimecombe, F. A. A. M. De Leij, and J. M. Lynch. Effect of genetically modified Pseudomonas fluorescens strains on the uptake of nitrogen by pea from N enriched organic residues. Letters in Applied Microbiology 26 155 (1998). 

O Brien SJ, Moore JP. The effect of genetic variation in chemokines and their receptors on HIV transmission and progression to AIDS. Immunol Rev 2000 177 99-111. 

Effects of Genetically Determined Variation in Nicotine Metabolism on the Development of Nicotine Dependence... 

Tachibana-Iimori, R., Tabara, Y., Kusuhara, H., et al. (2004) Effect of genetic polymorphism of OATP-C (SLCOIBI) on lipid-lowering response to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 19, 375-380. 

Holmes, W. G. (1984). Sibling recognition in thirteen lined ground squirrels effects of genetic relatedness, rearing association and olfaction. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 14,225. 

Genetic factors are assuming greater importance and information should be provided on the effect of genetic factors on the pharmacology of a drug and the ethnic structure of the trial population. 

Eukasawa, T., Suzuki, A. and Otani, K. (2007) Effects of genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 enzymes on the pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 32, 333—341. 

Mamiya K, leiri I, Shimamoto J, Yukawa E, Imai J, Ni-nomiya H et al. The effects of genetic polymorphims of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 on phenytoin metabohsm in Japanese adult patients with epilepsy studies in stereoselective hydroxylation and population pharmacokinetics. Epilepsia 1998 29(12) 1317-23. 

Hvidberg A, Jorgensen S, Hilsted J. The effect of genetically engineered glucagon on glucose recovery after hypoglycaemia in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992 34(6) 547-50. 

In ethical committees and public debates the emphasis is on the so-called extrinsic concerns the risks for human health, for animals and for the environment. Most methods of risk analysis look only at the consequences and the effects of genetic engineering within the framework of a utilitarian ethics (weighing costs and benefits). 

Before the 1960s, pain was considered an inevitable sensory response to tissue damage, but since that time the definition has broadened to encompass the affective dimension of pain with greater consideration of the effects of genetic differences, past experience, anxiety and expectation. 

Jones, R. A., Broder, M. W. Stotzky, G. (1991). Effects of genetically engineered microorganisms on nitrogen transformation and nitrogen-transforming microbial populations in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 3212-19. 

Feagan, J. T., Bailey, L. F., Hehir, A. F., McLean, D. M. and Ellis, N. J. S. 1972. Coagulation of milk proteins. I. Effect of genetic variants of milk proteins on rennet coagulation and heat stability of normal milk. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 27, 129-134. 

Recently, Mounts et al. studied the effect of genetic modification on the content and composition of tocopherols, sterols, and phospholipids in soybean oil (28). Although, in general, there was little impact on the phospholipid classes, a higher PA content was found in some crude oil samples. Compositional variations in molecular species indicated that genetic modification of soybeans affected the phospholipids at the molecular level. 

TL Mounts, SL Abidi, KA Rennick. Effect of genetic modification on the content and composition of bioactive constituents in soybean oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 73 581-586, 1996. 

Anterola, A. M., and Lewis, N. G., 2002, Trends in lignin modification a compehensive analysis of the effects of genetic manipulations/ mutations on lignification and vascular integrity, Phytochem. 61 221-294. 

Kirchheiner J, Roots I, Goldammer M, Rosenkranz B, Brockmoller J. Effect of genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and CYP2C8 on the pharmacokinetics of oral antidiabetic drugs clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005 44(12) 1209-25. 

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