Effect hierarchy

Effect Hierarchy Lower-order effects are more likely to be active than higher-order effects. For example, linear main effects are more likely to be active than quadratic main effects or interaction effects. 

Effect sparsity and effect hierarchy are represented through the choice of hyperparameters n, jr0, tti, n2. Typically ttq < nx < n2 < n < 0.5. Section 2.3 provides details on the selection of these hyperparameters. 

The LME model of Section 4.2.1 and the NLME model of Section 4.2.2 both involved two random components measurement error and subject random effects. In this section we explore a two-level random effect hierarchy by introducing lO variability in the PK parameters Ka, Ke, and V), so that the subject s parameters may vary from period to period. Note that this is not a period effect, but rather an uncontrollable random variation in the subject s pharmacokinetics. The data frame dp2, incorporating lO random effects, is obtained by calling sim.dp.muit as follows ... 

Approach Follow effects hierarchy. Study one unit operation to minimize experimental error. Do not isolate product—measure species in process stream... 

Where Western science has heretofore been predicated on (1) static partitions of S2 (modulo our co-evolved senses and language), and (2) simple, linear chains of cause o effect, the generalized CA-based physics represents a paradigm shift to (1) causal webs, and (2) fully coevolving object interaction hierarchies and dynamic partitions. 

The reaction of eq. 16.9 will regenerate the antioxidant Arj-OH at the expense of the antioxidant At2-OH. Despite the fact that such regeneration reactions are not simple electron transfer reactions, the rate of reactions like that of eq. 16.9 has been correlated with the E values for the respective Ar-0. Thermodynamic and kinetic effects have not been clearly separated for such hierarchies, but for a number of flavonoids the following pecking order was established in dimethyl formamid (DMF) by a combination of electrolysis for generating the a-tocopherol and the flavonoid phenoxyl radicals and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy for detection of these radicals (Jorgensen et al, 1999) ... 

There are a variety of process safety risks one needs to assess with chemical processes. In general, these risks will lead to an evaluation of the potential for the process to have precipitous changes in temperature and or pressure that lead to secondary events such as detonations, explosions, over pressurizations, fires, and so forth. The most cost-effective way of avoiding these sorts of risks is through the adoption of inherent safety principles. Inherent safety principles are very similar to and complementary to pollution prevention principles, where one attempts to use a hierarchy of approaches to avoid and/or reduce the risk of an adverse event. The reader is referred elsewhere to a more complete treatment of this important area of process design. ... 

The hierarchy of antioxidant effectiveness in plasma has been defined from in vitro studies (Frei etoL, 1988). This, of course, must be interpreted in relation to the amount of each antioxidant as well as the rate of its reaction with the specific radical substrate and the relevance of that substrate in human plasma. The hierarchy is ... 

The ultimate goal of all scientists is to analyze their data thoroughly until they are sure that it is valid and to then analyze it in a more global context and discuss it with their colleagues. This workflow requires enterprise level IT tools that can effectively compare and correlate multiple HTS campaigns that generated millions of results from hundreds of thousands of compounds, recognize and chart trends and hierarchies of association and help the scientist visualize them, annotate them, and render the visualizations in media that can be used to share that vision with other members of the team. 

The major design concept of polymer monoliths for separation media is the realization of the hierarchical porous structure of mesopores (2-50 nm in diameter) and macropores (larger than 50 nm in diameter). The mesopores provide retentive sites and macropores flow-through channels for effective mobile-phase transport and solute transfer between the mobile phase and the stationary phase. Preparation methods of such monolithic polymers with bimodal pore sizes were disclosed in a US patent (Frechet and Svec, 1994). The two modes of pore-size distribution were characterized with the smaller sized pores ranging less than 200 nm and the larger sized pores greater than 600 nm. In the case of silica monoliths, the concept of hierarchy of pore structures is more clearly realized in the preparation by sol-gel processes followed by mesopore formation (Minakuchi et al., 1996). 

It is interesting to note that, as far as superactivation is concerned, a hierarchy effect, rather than a simple additive or synergic effect, is found,127 i.e., the activators act in the order Sn, Ga, In. Hence, when Sn is present, the superactivation occurs as though the other elements were not present at all. 

The crucial investigative questions for Wilkinson are as follows. How hierarchical is the social hierarchy What are the depths of material insecurity and social exclusion tolerated by society What are the direct and indirect psychosocial effects of social stratification ... 

According to most theoretical analyses of the present neutrino experiment results, next-generation DBD experiments with mass sensitivities of the order of lOmeV may find the Majorana neutrino with a non-zero effective electron neutrino mass, if the neutrino is self-conjugate and the neutrino mass spectrum is of the quasi-degenerate type or it has inverted hierarchy [83], Majorana massive neutrinos are common predictions in most theoretical models, and the value of a few 10 2cV predicted for its effective mass, if reached experimentally, will test its Majorana nature. 

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