Hierarchy social

The crucial investigative questions for Wilkinson are as follows. How hierarchical is the social hierarchy What are the depths of material insecurity and social exclusion tolerated by society What are the direct and indirect psychosocial effects of social stratification ... 

The social hierarchies of Southeast Asian colonial societies fitted rather well the theory of the status gap, developed primarily to explain why a Jewish entrepreneurial minority was essential in Eastern European societies divided sharply between aristocrats and peasants. Outsider entrepreneurs are necessary, argued Irwin Rinder, when the yawning social void which occurs when superior and subordinate portions of a society are not bridged by continuous, intermediate degrees of status ... 

Crustaceans are known to use pheromones in behavioral contexts other than avoidance, including reproduction and social interactions. For example, at least one spiny lobster, the California spiny lobster Panulirus interrupts, has been shown to be attracted to the odor of conspecifics.131 This pheromonal phenomenon is taken advantage of by workers in the lobster fishery, who use live lobsters as bait in their pots.132 However, relatively little research has been performed on the topic of aggregation pheromones, including the nature of the signal and its sensory reception. Pheromonal chemical signals are also involved in the establishment and maintenance of social hierarchies in crustaceans.133 134... 

Linear social hierarchies that are correlated with reproduction are present in many ants, wasps and bees. In such hierarchies, higher-ranking individuals attack subordinates at... 

The dynamics of change in chemical tradition was further complicated by the social hierarchy in which early modern chemists operated. Eighteenth-century chemists functioned within a clearly demarcated social hierarchy that allowed philosophical chemists to represent the apothecaries art in public and to regulate the traffic berween their literary and material practices. If apothecaries controlled the material culture of the... 

The ethologically relevant models include the resident intruder and social hierarchy paradigms (Mitchell and Red-fern, 2005). These models are relatively recent, and have the relative advantage of relying on more naturalistic stressor, compared to shock or sw im. Also, they respond to chronic, but not acute antidepressant drug administration. 

Clara s simplicity of dress, and her quiet rejection of social convention, carried traces of Germany s counterculture, the life reform movement that reached the peak of its influence in the years around 1900. This movement had many manifestations, from vegetarian diets and herbal medicine to a rejection of social hierarchies, Prussian patriotism, and corsets. 

Our primate ancestors lived in social hierarchies with dear dominance rdationships (Gardner, 1995). Primates recognize individual members of tbeir species from an early age, compete with one another for positions within the hierarchy, and ultimately assume specific relationships of dominance or submission to members of tbeir own species. One need only watch chickens feeding for a few minutes to see an example of a pecking order. 

The social hierarchy of spiny lobsters in naturalistic conditions is more difficult to observe than in clawed lobsters because many species of spiny lobsters are far... 

Fighting Behavior, Social Hierarchies, and the Role of Chemical Signals... 

The Role of Chemical Signals in the Regulation of Social Hierarchies... 

Capping the brain stem is the R-complex, R standing for reptile. Deep inside our brains, we share the same survival tendencies toward fight-or-flight responses, aggression and rage, social hierarchies, and territorial behavior as our ancient relative the Komodo dragon. 

It is known that animals at a lower level on their social hierarchy (Figure 6.22.12) have more stressful and shorter lives (Nesse and Williams, 1994). The socioeconomic trend to egalitarianism in human society has probably produced many positive benefits for hnman health. There is Maslow s hierarchy for human societies as well as for individuals within society. 

FIGURE 6.22.12 The social hierarchy in animals leads to stability and to allocation of resources for maximum reproduction of the most fit individuals, hut not to the maximum benefit of all. (From Hertzman, C.,Am. Sci., 89, 538, 2001. With permission.)... 

In summary it appears that the composition of the scent secretion is in part determined by the social status of the individual. When looking at a solitary-living marsupial where there is no influence from the social hierarchy we get a different picture. 

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