ECTOS

A wide variety of techniques can now be employed to detect DNA sequence variation in above-ground and below-ground ecto- and endomycorrhizal fungal populations (17,18,19,24). 

The effect of flavonoids on spore germination and hyphal growth of ecto-mycorrhizal fungi is poorly known. However, several metabolites relea.sed by the plant roots trigger events leading to their infection (44,55). In the saprotrophic phase, spores of several ectomycorrhizal fungi respond to stimulation by abietic acid, the diterpene resin acid, in root exudates (56). 

F. Martin and B. Botton, Nitrogen metabolism of ectomycorrhizal fungi and ecto-mycorrhiza. Adv. Plant Pathol. 9 83 (1993). 

D. A. Wilkins, The influence of sheathing (ecto-) niycorrhizas of trees on the uptake and toxicity of metals. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 35 245 (1991). 

Zimmermann, H. 8r Braun, N. (1999). Ecto-nucleotidases - molecular structures, catalytic properties, and functional roles in the nervous system. Prog. Brain Res. 120, 371-85. 

Diadenosine polyphosphates are found in the synaptic granules of some nerves, can activate some P2 receptors and are degraded in the extracellular space. In neural tissues the activity of ectodiadenosine polyphosphatases is lower than ecto-ATP-diphosphohydrolase. Hence, the diadenosine polyphosphates have a longer half-life in the extracellular space than does ATP. 

Somlyo Why do you need the apyrase Doesn t the human uterus have enough ecto-ATPase There is a lot of ecto-ATPase in most smooth muscles. Is it not high in human uterus ... 

The enzymatic activity in soil is mainly of microbial origin, being derived from intracellular, cell-associated or free enzymes. Only enzymatic activity of ecto-enzymes and free enzymes is used for determination of the diversity of enzyme patterns in soil extracts. Enzymes are the direct mediators for biological catabolism of soil organic and mineral components. Thus, these catalysts provide a meaningful assessment of reaction rates for important soil processes. Enzyme activities can be measured as in situ substrate transformation rates or as potential rates if the focus is more qualitative. Enzyme activities are usually determined by a dye reaction followed by a spectrophotometric measurement. 

In a hydrogen filling station from Hydro, which has been in operation in Iceland since 2003, the pressure in the storage tanks is 44 MPa (ECTOS, 2003). 

ECTOS (2003). Icelandic New Energy ECTOS Ecological City Transport System. Flyer, April 2003. www.newenergy.is. 

Difficulties in detecting nucleolin on the cell surface could be explained by its very low concentration in this compartment (Hovanessian et al, 2000). Moreover, this cell surface expressed nucleolin protein has a different isoelectric point and it is recognized by only one monoclonal antibody (mAb D3) in its native conformation (Hovanessian et al, 2000). This probably reflects specific post-translational modifications undergone by nucleolin on the cell surface. Consistent with this hypothesis, extracellular nucleolin is a substrate of ecto-protein kinases including casein kinase II (Dumler et al, 1999 Jordan et al., 1994). Interestingly, indirect evidence suggests... 

In 1991 bile-acid secretion was shown to be energy driven by a 110-kDa glycoprotein that was dependent on ATP. This protein was subsequently characterised as liver ecto-ATPase by Sippel and co-workers. However, while further work with COS cells showed that expression of ecto-ATPase enhanced secretion of bile acids purified canalicular membranes lacking this enzyme efficiently exported bile acids showing that at least one other bile-acid transporter existed. ... 

Morre DJ, Chueh PJ, Yagiz K, Balicki A, Kim C, Morre DM. (2007) ECTO-NOX target for the anticancer isoflavene phenoxodiol. Oncol Res 16 299-312. 

Summerbell RC, From Lamarckian fertilizers to fungal castles recapturing the pre-1985 literature on endophytic and saprotrophic fungi associated with ecto-mycorrhizal root systems, StudMycol 53 191-256, 2005. 

CUTE Biggest demonstration project worldwide of a fleet of fuel cell powered buses. Complemented by project ECTOS in Iceland. 

Ecto-nucleotidases can alter agonist potencies (for review of extracellular metabolism of ATP see Zimmermann, 2000)... 

Antagonists used as P2 receptor blockers were found to be non-selective. In addition they are able to modulate ecto-nucleotidase activity also... 

Roth, J., Lentze, M. J. and Berger, E. G. 1985. Immunocytochemical demonstration of ecto-galactosyltransferase in absorptive intestinal cells. J. Cell Biol 100, 118-125. 

Eckle T, Krahn T, Grenz A, Kohler D, Mittelbronn M, Ledent C, Jacobson MA, Osswald H, Thompson LF, Unertl K, Eltzschig HK (2007) Cardioprotection by ecto-5 -nucleotidase (CD73) and A2B adenosine receptors. Circulation 115(12) 1581—1590... 

Fig. 9.1 Schematic diagram illustrating A3 adenosine receptor localization in the brain. ADO adenosine ADA adenosine deaminase ATP adenosine triphosphate, AMP adenosine mono-phospate AKA adenosine kinase T bidirezional nucleoside transporter NPTDase family of ecto-nucleotidases, including NPTDase 1,2,3. During cerebral ischemia, extracellular ADO concentration increases acting on A3 adenosine receptors located on different cell type...

Synnestvedt K, Furuta GT, Comerford KM, Louis N, Karhausen J, Eltzschig HK, Hansen KR, Thompson LF, Colgan SP (2002) Ecto-5 -nucleotidase (CD73) regulation by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 mediates permeability changes in intestinal epithelia. J Clin Invest 110(7) 993-1002... 

Thompson LF, Eltzschig HK, Ibla JC, Van De Wiele CJ, Resta R, Morote-Garcia JC, Colgan SP (2004) Crucial role for ecto-5 -nucleotidase (CD73) in vascular leakage during hypoxia. J Exp Med 200(11) 1395-1405... 

The accumulation of adenosine in hypoxia is at least partially explained by hypoxia-mediated regulation of enzymes that are involved in adenosine metabolism (i) adenosine kinase (Decking et al. 1997) and (ii) 5 -nucleotidase (Headrick and Willis 1989 Kobayashi et al. 2000 Thompson et al. 2004). In particular, adenosine can be generated extracellularly through the hydrolysis of released nucleotides by ecto-5 -nucleotidases (Dunwiddie et al. 1997) or can be produced in the cytosol and transported to the extracellular space (Higgins et al. 1994). 

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