Economy of fuels

Fig. 37. TLe apparatus is stated to present the foUowiig advantages over the method of melting hy fire-heat —3, The copper is not injured by local heat, and will last for many years 2, there is little risk of burning the teUow or fat during the heating 3, the pan costs 50 per cent, less that those ordinarily used 4, the pan can be instantly checked, thus preventing the danger of boiling over 5, no risk of accidents fronx fire 6, economy of fuel. The following are the details of the apparatus ...

Fuel economy, typically expressed as distance driven per volume of fuel consumed, ie, ia km/L (mi/gal), is measured over two driving cycles specified by the Federal Test Procedure (63). Oae cycle simulates city driving and consists of relatively low speed (- 32 km/h) driving, and iacludes a portion where the car starts after having equiUbrated at ambient conditions for 16 hours. The second simulates highway driving conditions and iacludes higher speeds and... 

Converting Heat to Work. There has been a historic bias in the chemical industry to think of energy use in terms of fuel and steam (qv) systems. A more fundamental approach is to minimise the input of work potential embedded in the fuel and feedstock, as well as work purchased direcdy as electricity. Steam is really just a medium of exchange, like money in an economy. 

In general, for basic petrochemicals that are not much more expensive than fuel (energy) itself, the energy recovery or use is important. Therefore, exothermic reactions should be executed at the highest temperature and endothermic reaction at the lowest, within the range that the reaction permits. In addition, reactors should not be optimized only for their own performance, but also for the optimum economy of the full synthesis loop or the full technology. 

Brsnnstoff, m. fuel, combustible Old Chem.) phlogiston, -aufwand, m. fuel consumption, ausnutzung, /. utilization of fuel, -chsmis, /. fuel chemistry, -vsrbrauch, m. fuel consumption. -wsrt, m. fuel value, -wirt-schaft, /. fuel economy, -zisgsl, m. fuel briquet. 

Spar-gemisch, n. (of fuel) lean mixture, -kalk, m. = Estrichgips. -kapsel,/. (Ceram.) spacesaving sagger, economy sagger, -lampe, /. economy lamp, small lamp, spdrlich, a. sparse, scarce, scanty. 

This gain has not come entirely at the expense of fuel economy, however. Over that same twenty-year span, the fuel economy of the average new U.S. car increased by 80 percent. These advances are attributable to lower vehicle weight, improved tires, reduced aerodynamic drag, improved transrnissious, and gains in engine efficiency. 

Vehicle fuel economy is normally measured in miles per gallon. At any given instant, it depends on the energy content of a gallon of fuel (Qf), the vehicle velocity (V.,) and power required (P,-5q), the thermal efficiency with which the engine converts fuel energy into useful output work (rj,.), and the mechanical efficiency with which the driveline delivers that work to the vehicle wheels (r j). Specifically,... 

Individual effects of design characteristics on fuel economy of a typical passenger car. 

The fuel economy of series and parallel hybrid vehicles are compared in Table 3 for both the com-... 

Society of Automotive Engineers. (1998). Recommended Practice for Measuring the Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy of Hybnd-Electnc Vehicles. Document J1711 (September). Pittsburgh, PA Author. 

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