Economics of production and

R. L. Stephenson, ed.. Direct Reduced Iron—Technology and Economics of Production and Use, ISS/AIME, Warrendale, Pa, 1980. 

Streeck, W. On the Institutional Conditions of Diversified Quality Production. In Matzner, E. Streeck, W. (ed.) Beyond Keynesianism. The Socio-Economics of Production and Full Employment. Aldershot (Edward Elgar) 1991 pp. 21-61... 

B.20 Direct Reduced Iron. Technology and Economics of Production and Use. 

Direct Reduced Iron - Technology and Economics of Production and Use J. Eeinman, D.R. Mac Rae (Editors)... 

The economic lifetime was introduced in Section 13.3, and was defined as the point at which the annual cashflow turned permanently negative. This is the time at which income from production no longer exceeds the costs of production, and marks the point when decommissioning should occur, since it does not make economic sense to continue to run a loss-making venture. Technically, the production of hydrocarbons could continue beyond this point but only by accepting financial losses. There are two ways to defer decommissioning ... 

Economic Market. The spice trade is controlled by many direct elements and responds slowly to supply and demand fluctuations. Resupply depends on growth to plant maturity, which for certain items, such as black pepper or nutmeg, can be several years. The raw material is directly affected by climate, adverse weather conditions, and control of plant diseases and insect and animal pests. Limited agricultural scientific advances are appHed to the cultivation of the botanicals, and there are many grades of product and degrees of quahty caused by different growing or processing conditions, sometimes by unknown factors as well. 

The part of the resource that is economically recoverable varies by country. The estimates made in the survey show that the proven recoverable reserves would last about 1200 years at the 1988 annual rate of production and that the estimated additional amount in place represent almost 1700 years at 1988 annual consumption. 

For by-product coke ovens, it is general practice to blend two or more types of coals that have complimentary technical as well as economic characteristics. Because most by-product coke plants are located near the large industrial users of the coke and by-products, coals usually have to be transported from the coal mines to the coke plants. Thus coal blends are designed on integration of coke quaUty needs, by-product quaUty needs, coal costs, transportation costs, impacts of productivity, and impacts on the coke ovens themselves. The physical behavior of coal blends during coking can damage coke ovens. 

The design is viable only if it can be produced economically. The choice of production and fabrication method is largely determined by the choice of material. But the production route will also be influenced by the size of the production run, and how the component will be finished and joined to other components each class of material has its own special problems here they were discussed in Chapters 14, 19, 24 and 25. The choice of material and production route will, ultimately, determine the price of the product, so a second major iteration may be required if the costing shows the price to be too high. Then a new choice of material or component design, allowing an alternative production path, may have to be considered. 

As air pollution management moves forward, economics has a major role in reducing pollution. Multimedia considerations are forcing a blend of traditional emission reduction approaches and innovative methods for waste minimization. These efforts are directed toward full cost accounting of the life cycle of products and residuals from the manufacturing, use, and ultimate disposal of materials. 

There are very few totally synthetic antibiotics presently on the market. One of these is the 1-oxacephem, moxalactam (96). One may speculate that the enhanced potency of moxa-1actam stems in part from the substitution of the smaller oxygen atom for the sulfur normally present in the six-membered ring of cephalosporins thereby enhancing the reactivity of the adjoining four-membered ring. It is also partly a measure of the present stage of development of chemical synthesis and of the relative economics of production of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid that such an involved synthesis apparently is economically competitive. 

While the homestead theory was never seriously considered in the United States experience, it has been recommended as part ot a subsoil privatization program for Latin America. The major attraction is increased economic efficiency Production and management of a contiguous oil and gas resei voir is most efficiently done by one operator, and homesteading creates one owner in place of multiple owners under the rule of capture. 

By the end of the text you should appredate the enormous potential that biological systems have for making a wide range of products and to achieve a variety of objectives. You should also have knowledge and be able to dte specific examples, of how economic, sodal and political attitudes may impinge upon the adoption of the technology. 

From an economic point of view, the number of sequential operations necessary to achieve the desired purity of a protein product contributes significantly to the overall cost of the downstream process. This is due to the capital investment and amount of consumables needed for each step as well as the individual time required for each operation. Additionally, the overall yield of the purification is reduced with each additional process step as a result of inherent handling losses of product and/or product activity. It has been estimated that the overall cost of the downstream process is closely correlated with the number of purification steps involved and that cost may account for up to 80% of the final process investment.26... 

In the main, economic analysis was rudimentary and only hospital costs were included, although some reports also noted work status (but without calculating costs of productivity) and in one (Hamilton et al,... 

To evaluate design options and carry out process optimization, simple economic criteria are needed. Consider what happens to the revenue from product sales after the plant has been commissioned. The sales revenue must pay for both fixed costs that are independent of the rate of production and variable costs, which do depend on the rate of production. After this, taxes are deducted to leave the net profit. 

The aim of process design is to create a process, which is profitable, economic, safe, environmentally benign and user friendly. This is achieved by the optimization of process alternatives according to economic and functional criteria. It is required that the safety of a process plant fulfills a certain required level. This is because of general legal requirements, company image, and also due to economic reasons, since an unsafe plant cannot be profitable due to losses of production and capital. 

The objective function in an economic model in RTQ involves the costs of raw materials, values of products, and costs of production as functions of operating conditions, projected sales or interdepartmental transfer prices, and so on. 

Methanol dehydrogenation to ethylene and propylene. In some remote ioca-tions, transportation costs become very important. Moving ethane is almost out of the question. Hauling propane for feed or ethylene itself in pressurized or supercooled vessels is expensive. Moving naphtha or gas oil as feed requires that an expensive olefins plant with unwanted by-products be built. So what s a company to do if they need an olefins-based industry at a remote site One solution that has been commercialized is the dehydrogenation of methanol to ethylene and propylene. While it may seem like paddling upstream, the transportation costs to get the feeds to the remote sites plus the capital costs of the plant make the economics of ethylene and its derivatives okay. 

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