Economic study

The gradual reduction and ultimate elimination of lead has seen considerable effort by the refiner to maintain the octane numbers at satisfactory levels. In Europe, the conventional unleaded motor fuel, Eurosuper, should have a minimum RON of 95 and a minimum MON of 85. These values were set in 1983 as the result of a technical-economic study called RUFIT (Rational Utilization of Fuels in Private Transport). A compromise was then possible between refining energy expenses and vehicle fuel consumption (Anon., 1983). 

FOD is very similar to diesel fuel. Both are designated in economic studies by the generic term, middle distillates . 

Sensitivity Analysis An economic study should pinpoint the areas most susceptible to change. It is easier to predict expenses than either sales or profits. Fairly accurate estimates of capital costs and processing costs can be made. However, for the most part, errors in these estimates have a correspondingly smaller effecl than changes in sales price, sales volume, and the costs of raw materials and distribution. 

The factors which may make CCD a preferred choice over other separation systems include the following rapidly settling solids, assisted by flocculation relatively high ratio of solids concentration between underflow and feed moderately high wash ratios allowable (2 to 4 times the volume of hquor in the thickened underflows) large quantity of sohds to be processed and the presence of fine-size sohds that are difficult to concentrate by other means. A technical feasibihty and economic study is desirable in order to make the optimum choice. 

If an option proves to be technically ineffective or inappropriate, it is deleted from the list of potential alternatives. Either follo ving or concurrent with the technical evaluation, an economic study is performed, weighing standard measures of profitability such as payback period, investment returns, and net present value. Many of these costs (or, more appropriately, cost saving may be substantial yet are difficult to quantify. (Refer to Economic Considerations Associated with Pollution Prevention.)... 

One of the most comprehensive economic studies was done in two phases. The first phase addressed whether the location of the treating facilities should be offshore or onshore. The second phase evaluated the process design options. The outcome of the first phase recommended onshore natural gas treating facilities the second phase recommended implementation of the turboexpander process design. The process options evaluated for this project are listed below ... 

Lean Oil. The selection of lean oil for an absorber is an economic study. A light lean oil sustains relatively high lean oil loss, but has the advantage of high mols/gal compared to a heavier lean oil. The availability of a suitable... 

Most economic studies for processing plants will have revenue, expense, tax, and profit items to be developed. These are discussed in the following sections. 

The choice of whether to purchase or generate electricity and decisions on generator or cable configuration and sparing are often not obvious. An economic study evaluating capital and operating costs and system reliability of several alternatives may be required. 

CONCAWE is the oil companies European organization for environment, health and safety. The emphasis of its work lies on technical and economic studies relevant to oil refining, distribution and marketing in Europe. 

Although the source of raw materials may not be at the plant site, it is an e.xtremcly important factor in the ultimate location of the plant. Process development work and economic studies will indicate the minimum standards for raw materials selection. When these standards have been determined, all possible sources of acceptable raw materials can be located and a detailed analysis can proceed. 

Prepares economic studies associated with process performance. 

The flowsheet also describes the process to management as well as those concerned tvith preparing economic studies for process evaluation. 

To obtain the most efficient use of an economizer, studies are needed to balance economizer pressure, condenser pressure and temperature, evaporator surface area, and compression horsepower. These are all interrelated, and horsepower can be saved at the expense of surface areas, and vice-versa. 

Wenglowski, G. An Economic Study of Electrochemical Industry in the United States 4... 

ICAITI. An Environmental and Economic Study of the Consequences of Pesticide Use in Central American Cotton Production Final Report, Central American Research Institute for Industry, United Nations Environment Programme Guatemala, 1977. 

Hafez A, Khedr M, Gadallah H (2007) Wastewater treatment and water reuse of food processing industries. Part II Techno-economic study of a membrane separation technique. Desalination 214 261-272... 

The concept of COI was first developed by Rice (Rice 1966, 1967 Rice and Cooper 1967 Rice et al. 1985). It assumes that resources could be used for another purpose if a disease did not exist. Figure 1 demonstrates the basic concept of COI. Most health economic studies assessing the total costs of a disease use this methodology (e.g., Keith and Shackleton 2006 Welte et al. 2000 Leidl et al. 1999 Henke et al. 1997 Xie et al. 1996 Harwood et al. 1983 Hodgson and Meiners 1979). 

From the early beginning of treating HIV/AIDS, most health economic studies focussed on the calculation of provider costs. During the first years there had been a clear dominance of research on hospital costs for patients with AIDS, in particular,... 

Most of the HIV-related economic studies calculate direct costs. However, the socioeconomic costs of HI V/AIDS are far greater. For instance, patients as well as family members and friends who provide care incur costs that are not related to payments but to lost income (indirect cost). This cost category includes the loss of wages for a wage earner, the loss of labor for a non-wage earner (e.g., pensioner, household), the loss of harvest for a farmer, and other losses (e.g., loss of education and chances for children of AIDS patients). Some studies address this issue. 

Shah and Jenkins (2000) in a review of mental health economic studies from around the world identified 40 cost-of-illness studies, of which five covered all disorders, one neuroses, two panic disorders and one anxiety. All were from developed countries. There were numerous cost-effectiveness studies but none involving the anxiety disorders specifically. One study in the UK examined the cost-benefit analysis of a controlled trial of nurse therapy for neurosis in primary care (Ginsberg et al, 1984). 

Health economic studies of bipolar disorder and Its treatment... 

A number of economic studies have been published that assess the economic impact of the introduction of anticholinesterase drugs on the care for people with dementia. Overall, they suggest that the introduction of the new drugs might be cost-neutral, while leading to modest improvements in the health-related quality of life of patients and carers. However, the reliability and robustness of the economic evidence need to be considered before concluding that any additional benefits of the new dmgs for dementia are indeed worth the cost. 

Economic studies should consider the costs of all the resources and services used in the process of care. In addition, the outcomes that are a consequence of the health or social care interventions evaluated need to be included. For dementia, these include the costs of hospital inpatient and out-patient care, primary and community-based health-care services, social welfare services, and care provided by voluntary agencies or by femily and friends. Ideally, a broad perspective reflecting the costs and outcomes to society should be adopted. As a minimum, the perspective of the analysis should include the costs and outcomes to key health and social care providers or funders and to patients and their families. 

Economic studies should cover the full period over which the interventions could be expected to have an effect on resource use, survival and health-related quality of life. However, the economic evaluations of donepezil were based on effectiveness data from a limited number of trials, which were short in duration. This has a number of implications. First, the analysis can be limited to the effect of the drug during the period for which effectiveness data were available. In this case, it may be assumed that the treatment effect ceased after 6 months (Stewart et al, 1998). This assumption would only be valid if the donepezil were also discontinued at 6 months. If this is not the case, then the overall costs of the dmg may be underestimated and the benefits overestimated. 

It is cmcial that an economic study includes the health-related consequences of morbidity and mortality. These could be measured as number of years of life lost, reductions in health status, and quality of remaining years of life due to morbidity for both patients and informal carers. These consequences should also be valued to reflect the preferences of individuals and society for changes in the length and quality of life or health. 

Weitzman M (2009) Some basic economics of extreme climate change In Touffot J-P (ed) Changing Climate, Changing Economy (c) Cournot Centre for Economic Studies 2009... 

Review of economic studies of the pharmaceutical industry published over the last 20 years by Spanish economists... 

This review encompasses works published between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 1999. To avoid it extending interminably, we give priority to economic studies by economists, although we apply this restriction flexibly, especially in the bibliographical appendix. ... 

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