Economic indicators, objective

The objective value is the total maintenance cost plus economic loss (to be rninirnized). The economic loss is the loss caused by equipment failures that lead to reduced production rate or downtime. It is the economic indicator for maintenance performance, i.e. the better the maintenance plan the smaller the economic loss. Thus by rninirnizing the maintenance cost plus the economic loss, one simultaneously optimizes the cost and the performance of maintenance. 

Toluene recovery process Maximization of economic benefit and minimization of environmental indicator. In addition to these two objectives, Kheawhom and Hirao (2002) considered process robustness measures (failure probability and deviation ratio) also. Normal boundary intersection method Sustainable process index was used as environmental indicator. Product revenue less capital and operating costs was the economic indicator Kheawhom and Hirao (2002)... 

Attempting to measure all 45 socio-economic indicators in any given post-disaster context is the desirable objective, but data availability constraints mean this is not always feasible. Quite often multiple sources of data are required to measure all indicators (e.g., reinsurance companies such as MiinichRe or SwissRe, international organization situation reports such as produced from the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) or the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) case studies, such as the ones conducted by the World Bank (WB)). Consequently, this may lead to slight variations exist in estimates and totals. 

In addition, other utiUties are installing estabUshed solar cells in a growing number of tests that may lead to a mass market. The studies may indicate the extent to which solar cells can be used to avoid installation costs for new distribution lines between conventional power plants and remote customers buildings. Also, among other objectives, PV cells may provide an economical means of helping to supply demand during peak summer periods in northern climates. 

As with all of die processes described, drese are first studied in detail in the laboratoty with an industrial application as dre objective. Those processes which pass the criterion of economic potential are used in a pilot plant smdy, and dretr, if successful, at the production level which must be optimized. The materials which are produced are mainly, in the present instance, for application in the elecU onics industry where relatively high costs are acceptable. It will be seen drat the simple kinetic theory of gases is adequate to account for dre rates of these processes, and to indicate the ways in which production may be optimized on dre industrial scale. 

The objective of mastitis treatments is to cure the infected udders from the infection, but cure is defined in very different ways. For example, in economic terms, the farmer needs to achieve a level of udder health that allows expected milk yields and quality parameters specified by processors/ national regulations to be achieved. On the other hand, cure with respect to antibiotic treatments, is often defined in terms of absence of bacterial pathogens in milk (bacterial cure), with the proportion of cows without detectable pathogen presence following treatment being defined as the bacterial cure rate (BCR). The main problem with using BCR as the main indicator of cure is that it was frequently shown to include a proportion of cows with drastically elevated SCC values (indicative of sub-clinical mastitis) after treatment, but without clinical (sensory) symptoms. 

Value-oriented management concepts evolved from cost and profit controlling towards value based management concepts. Transparency on profitability of invested capital for the company and its shareholders is an objective of value-based management. Profitability indicators are related to capital indicators. Common indicators are Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) and Economic Value Added (EVA ) as presented in table 3 (Hostettler 2002 Revsine et al. 2004). 

Whey protein concentrates (WPC) are produced by a variety of processing treatments to remove both lactose and minerals (20) as indicated in Figure 5. Even though it would be highly desireable to remove most of the lactose and minerals in these processes, it is not practical from an economic standpoint and thus most of these products only range in protein content from 35 to 50 %.The major objective of most of these processes is to produce a WPC with minimal protein denaturation in order to obtain a product with maximum protein solubility and functionality. However, from a practical consideration this objective is not readily obtainable, and thus most WPC products commercially available exhibit variable whey protein denaturation and functionality (20). 

Laboratory investigation. New and potentially useful chemical changes are usually carried out first on a small scale in the laboratory. The discovery of such reactions or products may result from the desire to attain a preconceived objective, or it may be a by-product of experiments conducted for a totally different purpose. It is necessary then to determine by experiment the most favorable conditions (temperature, pressure, concentration, catalysis, etc.) for the occurrence of the reactions in question. All of this knowledge must be acquired by the chemist before one can consider seriously the problem of large-scale utilization. If the laboratory investigations indicate probability of success, there arises next the problem of adapting the process to a scale that renders economical the operation of a large chemical plant. 

Figure 2 clearly indicates that a captan wettable powder containing approximately 55% captan, 33% clay, 11% dispersant, and 1% surfactant should be evaluated if maximum suspensibility is desired. In addition to indicating regions of optimal composition, response-surface maps are extremely useful in analyzing cost vs. performance. Questions such as, "What is the most economical formulation that has 60% suspensibility " may be answered objectively, without additional experimentation. 

This chapter deals with the documentation of traditional ethnobotanical knowledge of rural communities and phyto-sociology of ethnobotanical resources of district Kachchh in western India with a major objective of setting up conservation priorities of ethnobotanical resources. We recorded the ethnobotanical knowledge from about 900 respondents spread across various age groups, gender, educational and socio-economic strata. We documented more than 10200 information units on medicinal and non-medicinal (i.e. domestic) uses of plants. While 259 species were reported for 16 human and 10 veterinary disease classes, 193 plant species were reported for 18 domestic uses. In total 320 species were reported useful by the local communities. The availability of these species was recorded by sampling 24 representative locations in the district. Based on reports of purpose-part used combinations of species, two different indices (the Use-Value Richness, and Use-Value Diversity) were computed to record overall ethnobotanical use-values of each species. 

Heinzle, E., Weirich, D., Brogli, F., Hoffmann, V., Roller, G., Verduyn, M.A. Hungerbuehler, K. (1998) Ecological and Economic Objective Functions for Screening in Integrated Development of Fine Chemical Processes. 1. Flexible and Expandable Framework Using Indices. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37, 3395-3407. 

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