Economic data Production

Physician s Desk Reference, 48th ed.. Medical Economics Data Production, Montvale, N.J., 1994, p. 2414. 

Key to FDA use in pregnancy ratings. Physicians Desk Reference, 49th ed. (1995) Montvale, NJ Medical Economics Data Production Co., p. 2797. 

Physicians Desk Reference (1994) 48th edn, Medical Economics Data Production Company, USA. 

PDR Generics. Momvale, New Jersey Medical Economics Data Production Co., 1995. 

As discussed in Section 13.2, the technical, fiscal and economic data gathered to construct a project cashflow carry uncertainty. An economic base case is constructed using, for example, the most likely values of production profile and the 50/50 cost estimates, along with the best estimate of future oil prices and the anticipated production agreement and fiscal system. 

Table 21. Worldwide Production and United States Economic Data for Magnesium Oxide ...

Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 contain information concerning the physical properties, solvent characteristics (9—11), economic and production data (12,13), and health and safety characteristics of common industrial solvents (14).

Detailed economics of individual industrial processes, including SCP processes, are usually regarded as confidential, out of fear that publication may lend advantage to competitors. In addition, economy of scale rule generally applies (that is as the production capacity increases, the cost of the product decreases), so that direct comparisons can only be made between systems of similar capacity. Some economic data on SCP processes have been published and are presented in the Resource Material at the end of this chapter. You should appreciate that the data are outdated by more than a decade, during which time substrate costs will have varied relative to each other, and technology will have improved. This means that the comparative costs presented in Table 4.13, for example, may not be now as presented there. Nevertheless the data presented do provide an outline of the economics of SCP production. The processes referred to in the Resource Material are not necessarily those mentioned in the text and so you may find some differences in detail. 

The process flow sheet was first tested for direct leaching of steel mill flue dust and production of zinc metal by electrowinning. The tests were performed in a continuously operating pilot plant, producing 10-20 kg/day zinc metal. The same pilot plant was then used for treating copper/zinc-rich brass mill flue dust in a closed loop operation, recycling all the zinc solvent extraction raffinate to the copper circuit leach section. In the zinc circuit leach section, only the amount of zinc rich dust necessary for neutralization of the copper solvent extraction raffinate was used. The results obtained from the pilot plant tests indicated contamination problems within the solvent extraction loops. The estimation of economic data showed a weak return on the assets compared with the alkali route, and sensitivity toward the raw material price. 

Compared to other technologies for alcohols production (e.g. ethanol fhom biotechnology), this new approach for the production of methanol-higher alcohol mixtures and its related economic data look rather promising for the near future. The alcohols blend produced at demonstra-... 

Economic data for a LDPE plant equipped with a tubular reactor are given as an example. The industrial unit is described in detail in Chapter 5.1. In order to show the influence of plant capacity the capital and production costs of two units for the production of 100,000 and... 

Acrylic acid [79-10-7] - [AIR POLLUTION] (Vol 1) - [ALDEHYDES] (Vol 1) - [ALLYL ALCOHOL AND MONOALLYL DERIVATIVES] (Vol 2) - [MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, MALEIC ACID AND FUMARIC ACID] (Vol 15) - [POLYESTERS, UNSATURATED] (Vol 19) - [FLOCCULATING AGENTS] (Vol 11) - [CARBOXYLICACIDS - SURVEY] (Vol 5) -from acetylene [ACETYLENE-DERIVED CHEMICALS] (Vol 1) -from acrolein [ACROLEIN AND DERIVATIVES] (Vol 1) -acrylic esters from [ACRYLIC ESTER P OLYMERS - SURVEY] (Vol 1) -from carbon monoxide [CARBON MONOXIDE] (Vol 5) -C-21 dicarboxylic acids from piCARBOXYLIC ACIDS] (Vol 8) -decomposition product [MAT. ETC ANHYDRIDE, MALEIC ACID AND FUMARIC ACID] (Vol 15) -economic data [CARBOXYLIC ACIDS - ECONOMIC ASPECTS] (Vol 5) -ethylene copolymers [IONOMERS] (Vol 14) -in floor polishes [POLISHES] (Vol 19) -in manufacture of ion-exchange resins [ION EXCHANGE] (V ol 14) -in methacrylate copolymers [METHACRYLIC POLYMERS] (Vol 16) -in papermaking [PAPERMAKING ADDITIVES] (Vol 18)... 

A secondary data source, such as a hospital or HMO database, can be a useful resource. Secondary data sources are particularly useful when gathering economic data because there is usually a direct correlation with how much an insurance company is charged and how much the product or service actually costs to provide. A researcher or clinician can also examine the data on a large pool of patients to see if an intervention actually affects a population of patients. A disadvantage of data such as these is that they are completely anonymous. There are no patient identifiers, and the data cannot be linked to individual patients. As a result, if one sample of patients patronizing one pharmacy is provided an intervention and another sample of patients is not, there is no way to detect economic change through the secondary data source. 

The corresponding German plant at Neunburg vorm Wald in Southern Germany (Fig. 15.13) is set to produce 500 kW and is likely by the year 2000 to be the demonstration plant from which the most economic data on the production of solar hydrogen will have been obtained. The plant is still small and its production is less than 0.1% of that of a commercially operating nuclear power plant. 

Economic data for the production and utilization of Jerusalem artichoke are relatively scarce, because the crop is not currently grown on a large commercial scale. However, there are some economic analyses for crop production and the use of Jerusalem artichoke for bioethanol and inulin production that highlight its potential. Bioethanol is in demand as a gasoline additive and biofuel, while inulin is increasingly used as a food ingredient. The tops and tubers of Jerusalem artichoke also have many other potential applications. 

Information from socio-economic analyses can serve not only to select between alternative risk management measures in the decision-making matrix but can identify the relevant timelines for implementation (e.g., resulting from process change, product reformulation or instillation of pollution abatement technology). In the case of authorisation, REACH specifies that socio-economic data will form a key variable in the identification of suitable alternatives and the period for granting an authorisation before it needs to be reviewed. 

Tables l.I2a and 2.12b offer a variety of economic data concerning the production of hydrogen from different feedstocks, as ell as that of synthesis gas in an H CO molar ratio ranging from 1 1 to 3 1. In fact, the techniques employed to produce pure hydrogen can be exploited to adapt the composition of Hj/CO gas mixtures, so as to use them in specific conversions like those giving rise to certain alcohols (see Sections 9.3 and 9.4) by olefin hydroformylation. Table 1.12c gives details about processes for the elimination of add gases obtained starting with natural gas and coal.

Table 124 summarizes the economic data available on methanol production from various feedstocks and by various processes. 

Operations involving the distillation of hydrocarbons and the hydrogenation of acety lene impurities can be combined in different ways. The final decision depends on the pyrolysis feedstock, the degree of recovery desired for the different products, and economic data. Figure 117 offers au illustration of a classic system. The effluents, which make up a combined liquid/gas phase, are sent to a demethanizer normally operating at a piessme of about 3.2.10 Pa, and where the methane is condensed at the cop around — lOO C... 

Table 2.31 gives some economic data concerning the production of 1 -butene, hepienes and octenes, by the IFF and UOP processes. 

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