Economic aspects examples

Economic Aspects. There is little evidence of large-scale demand for either quinoline or isoquinoline in 1996. The U.S. Tariff Commission reports no longer show separate production or sales data for any quinoline derivative. A number of these compounds are available as fine chemicals representative examples are found in Table 2. The principal suppHer of quinoline and quinoline still residue is Koppers Chemical. 

Economic Aspects and Uses. Total world production of potassium products is 29,000,000 tons per year (65). Potassium chloride is removed from brine at Moab, and Wendover, Utah, and at Seades Lake, California. Potassium sulfate is made from Great Salt Lake brine by Great Salt Lake Minerals Corp., which is the largest producer of solar potassium sulfate in the wodd. Combined, these U.S. faciUties stiU produce a relatively small percentage of potash fertilizers in the wodd. Production from the Dead Sea, for example, is 10 times greater than production of potassium from brines in the United States. More than 95% of all the potassium produced is used in fertilizer blends. The remainder is converted to other potassium chemicals for industdal use (see Potassium compounds). 

Engineering design, then, involves many considerations (Fig. 1.7). The choice of a material must meet certain criteria on bulk and surface properties (strength and corrosion resistance, for example). But it must also be easy to fabricate it must appeal to potential consumers and it must compete economically with other alternative materials. In the next chapter we consider the economic aspects of this choice, returning in later chapters to a discussion of the other properties. 

A recent NACE publication devoted entirely to the economic aspects of corrosion control contains several worked examples applicable to a number of industries. These examples serve to illustrate that anti-corrosion procedure and materials should be selected on economic grounds, and not solely on performance grounds. In presenting a proposal to management. 

In some cases particular processes are espeeially important because of the value of the products produced and also the amounts of enzyme used, i.e. from both the enzyme producer and user standpoints. Therefore the examples on fructose syrups and 6-aminopenicillinic acid have been expanded to include much information on the business and technical strategies employed, and detailed proeess economic aspects respectively. Many other examples of biocatalysis-based commercial processes and products also exist with many others undergoing development. These other products also exhibit the same important technical and commercial features that are identified for the case studies in this chapter. 

Description of the quantitative aspects of a reaction often differ, using the same facts, when discussed in a research or academic context as compared to discussion in an applied, or industrial setting when detailed economic aspects are far more important. Probably the best way to understand these distinctions is to define the various terms used, employing a general example, Eq. 1.7. 

Integration of CrystaUization with other process operations, specifically reaction, is another aspect of crystallization that has significant potential to improve overaU process economics. In Examples 11-2 and 11 -3, two cases are presented in which products are selectively crystallized during reaction. As a result, reaction selectivity, yield, and the cost of raw materials are significantly improved. Furthermore, solvent recovery is simplified since the same solvent is used in both reaction and crystallization. This type of operation can provide significant improvement in process economics and should be part of the development of crystallization processes when applicable. 

The Committee takes case-by-case decisions for exairqjle when it has more up-to-date data available than those on which the Gentian MAK values are based or if for example the Nordic countries publish criteria documents justitying lower limit values. This is the place where socio-economic aspects are taken into consideration including technical feasibility and the pos le economic consequences for industry. 

Hydrogen can also be transported on other traffic ways in suitable transport containers, for example by rail or inland waterways or with sea-going vessels. However, the transport of hydrogen over large distances is usually not very interesting under economic aspects, as it can be produced everywhere. 

CAD/PLM/CAE market as well as the selection of the systems for functional and economical aspects lead to increased requirements concerning open interfaces. In the present document, findings and experiences from the introduction of systems engineering for automotive processes are described. Effects on the process IT architecture are outlined. Lessons learned and necessary changes in process-lT, in form of selected examples and solution alternatives, are discussed. 

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