EC Directive on Drinking Water

Faure, M. G. (1994). The EC Directive on drinking water institutional aspects. In Environmental Toxicology, Economics and Institutions - The Atrazine Case Study, ed. L. Bergman and M. Pugh, pp. 39-88. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 

Under the Uniform Principle application, especially the maximum admissible concentration on drinking water of 0.1 gg L, set by EC Directive on Drinking Water (98/83/EC) [53], was a hurdle for a listing into Annex I for many compounds belonging to the class of PS II inhibitors. Nevertheless, although this standard value does not reflect any risk under toxicological assessment it is binding for all EU member states as, for example. The Pesticide Safety Directorate stated [54] ... 

Especially for the distribution in the environment the EC Directive on Drinking Water (98/83/EC) has set a maximum admissible concentration of 0.1 gg L for any individual pesticide in drinking water. The figure is independent of any toxicological or environmental assessment and does not necessarily represent risk. 

Up to now, 12 EC Directives on the protection of the aquatic environment have been adopted. Four Directives contain standards for surface waters according to use (drinking-water [ 1 ], bathing water [2 ], frash-water fish [3 ], and shellfish [4 ]).These Directives lay down quality objectives for particular uses of water. 

The second fraction of spent Ni-Cd batteries is introduced in landfills (as illustrated in Figure 22). The EC Directive on waste imposes a strict control of leachate emissions. More than 2,000 sites have been reviewed and 95% of them show cadmium concentrations in leachates below 5 micrograms per litre (Eggenberger 2000). This represents the recommended concentration of cadmium for drinking water by the World Health Organization (WHO). This low emission level from MSW landfills has been confirmed by Swedish researchers (Flyhammer 1996). 

Water samples (drinking water, rain, sea, river or waste water and others) have been characterized by ICP-MS with multi-element capability in respect to metal impurities (such as Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Na, Sb, Se, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Tl, Th, U, V and Zn) in many laboratories in routine mode with detection limits at the low ng I 1 range using ICP-QMS, and below by means of ICP-SFMS. Drinking water samples are controlled in respect of the European legislation (Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption). For quality control of analytical data, certified standard reference materials e.g. drinking water standard (40CFR 141.51), river water reference material SLRS-4 or CASS-2 certified reference sea-water material and others are employed. 

The most recent IMEP ILCs on trace elements analysis in wine, rice, and tuna bsh were organized in support of the EC Regulation (466/2001) on upper levels of contaminants in foodstuffs. The IMEP ILCs on water were coordinated in support of the EC Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of drinking water intended for human consumption [18]. In general toxic elements that are strictly regulated in the Directive, such as Cd, Hg, and Pb, are elements under investigation in IMEP, but IMEP also focuses on essential trace elements for human beings like Cu, Se, and Zn in food matrices. 

Monitoring surface water, ground water, seawater, effluents and drinking water for toxic compounds is traditionally carried out by discrete (spot) sampling that is followed by chemical analysis in the laboratory. This provides qualitative and quantitative information on specific analytes, in Europe often focused on the priority substances defined by the EC Water Framework Directive, WFD (European Commission, 2000). Although... 

European Community (2004) Council Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption as of 3 November 1998 (Drinking Water Directive DWD) and The Bonn Charter for Safe Drinking Water , Water Safety Plans, IWA. 

Drinking water standards are defined in legislation such as EC Directive 80A77S/EEC, and the parameters are based on life-time exposures. It is not realistic to expect that such standards could be maintained fully on the battlefield. It is vital to be le to supply adequate quantities of potable wat to the fighting soldier. However, with battle fronts... 

In the Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC, the parametric value (PV) for lead is 10 ig . The parametric value refers to water as it emerges fi om the customer tap, assessed on the basis of representative monitoring (Note 3). Note 3 is as follows ... 

Councii Directive 98/83/EC (adopted November 3, 1998) Lowered the drinking water Pb standard in the European Union to 10 pg Pb/I on an extended reduction schedule, 15 years, to 2013. From 2003 to 2013, an interim level of 25 pg/l was implemented... 

Under certain circumstances, acrylamide may infiltrate into drinking water treated using polymers based on acrylamide, which are used as flocculants. With regard to the toxicity of acrylamide and health risks associated with its intake, the hygienic limit for water intended for human consumption is 0.1 pg/1 (European Council Directive 98/83/EC). 

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