Karenia brevis

Jaenicke L, Starr RC (1996) The lurlenes, a new class of plastoquinone-related mating pheromones from Chlamydomonas allensworthii (Chlorophyceae). Eur J Biochem 241 581-585 Janowitz GS, Kamykowski D (2006) Modeled Karenia brevis accumulation in the vicinity of a coastal nutrient front. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 314 49-59 Joint I, Tait K, Callow ME, Callow JA, Milton D, Williams P, Camara M (2002) Cell-to-cell communication across the prokaryote-eukaryote boundary. Science 298 1207 Kinzie RA (1974) Experimental infection of aposymbiotic gorgonian polyps with zooxanthellae. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 15 335-342... 

Derby, M.L., et al.. Studies of the effect of Psi-APONIN from Nannochloris sp. on the Florida red tide organism Karenia brevis, Toxicon, 41, 2, 245, 2003. 

Naar, J., et ah, A competitive ELISA to detect brevetoxins from Karenia brevis (formerly Gymnodinium breve) in seawater, shellfish, and mammalian body fluid, Env. Health Perspect., 110, 2, 179, 2002. 

Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) is caused by a red-tide producer that was first identified in 1880 from Florida, with earlier historical references. It causes sickness in humans lasting several days. NSP is not fatal to humans however, it is known to kill fish, invertebrates, seabirds, and marine mammals (e.g., manatees). It is caused by the brevetoxin family (brevetoxin + 10 related compounds produced by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis a.k.a. Gymnodinium breve. The main contamination problems include oysters, clams, and other filter feeders of the Gulf of Mexico and southeast Atlantic, including North Carolina. 

Bjornland, T., Haxo, F. T., and Liaaen-Jensen, S. 2003. Carotenoids of the Florida red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. Biochem. Sys. Ecol., 31,1147-1162. 

Gray, M., Wawrik, B., Paul, J, and Casper, E. 2003. Molecular detection and quantitation of the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis in the marine environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 5726—5730. 

Ishida, H., Nozawa, A., Nukaya, H., Rhodes, L., McNabb, P, Holland, PT, Tsuji, K. 2004a. Confirmation of brevetoxin metabolism in cockle, Austrovenus stutchburyi, and greenshell mussel, Perna canaliculus, associated with New Zealand neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, by controlled exposure to Karenia brevis culture. Toxicon 43, 701-712. 

Plakas, S.M., El Said, K.R., Jester, E.L.E., Granade, H.R., Musser, S.M., Dickey, R.W. 2002. Confirmation of brevetoxin metabolism in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginicd) by controlled exposures to pure toxins and to Karenia brevis cultures. Toxicon 40, 721-729. 

Lidie, K. B., Ryan, J. C., Barbier, M., and Van Dolah, F. M. (2005). Gene expression in Florida red tide dinoflageUate Karenia brevis Analysis of an expressed sequence tag hbrary and development of DNA microarray. Mar. Biotechnol. 7, 481—493. 

Karenia brevis origin PbTx-2 PbTx-3 n max (div/d) (lower) (upper) Reference... 

Campbell, L. and Hetland, R.D. Convergent blooms of Karenia brevis along the Texas coast, in Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Harmful Algae, Copenhagen Demark, September 4—6, 2006, abstract PO. 07-10. 

Collumb, C.J. and Buskey, E.J. Effects of the toxic red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis) on survival fecal pellet production and fecundity of the copepod Acartia tonsa, in Harmful Algae 2002, Steidinger, K.A., Landsberg, J.H., Tomas, C.R. and Vargo, G.A. Eds., I.O.C. of UNESCO, 2004, pp. 44-45. 

Giner, 1-L., Earaldos. 1. A., and Boyer, G.L. Novel sterols of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (Dinophyceae) A defensive fnnction for unusual marine sterols. J. Phycol, 39, 315-319, 2003. 

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