Soybean nodules

M. Pamiske, H.-M. Fischer, H. Hennecke, and D. Werner, Accumulation of the phytolexin glyceollin I in soybean nodules infected by a Bradyrhizobiiiin japonicum nifA mutant. Z. Naturforsch. 46c 318 (1991). 

Cassia Inhibited soybean germination. Xanthium reduced dry weight of soybean nodules and stems, Glycine reduced dry weight of soybean nodules, roots, leaves, and stems, and Sesbanla root exudates reduced dry weight of soybean nodules, leaves, stems and fruit. 

Soybean nodulation. The results of this bioassay, shown in Table HI, are essentially the same as the dry matter production bioassay. Xanthlum root exudates reduced soybean nodule dry weight Glycine and Sesbanla root exudates reduced nodule, leaf and total dry weight. The percentage reduction is not quite as great as in the dry matter production bloassay. 

The effect apparently begins early in the life of the soybean plant, and either the root exudates continue to reduce growth or the soybean plant is not able to overcome the early effects later on. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that soybean nodulation or dinitrogen fixing ability is reduced by Sesbanla and Glycine root exudates. 

Table III. Effect of root exudates on soybean nodulation a...

The comparison of the kinetic data for recombinant SuSyl from yeast and E. coli revealed no significant changes in the substrate affinities (Table 2.2.6.2) (Sauer-zapfe and Elling, unpublished results). The influence of phosphorylation of SuSy on the enzyme s affinity for sucrose and UDP are discussed controversially in the literature. Nakai et al. found an increase in the substrates affinities [16] however, Zhang et al. could not detect changes in the kinetic data for SuSy from soybean nodules [12]. With reference to our work, the expression in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic host influences the protein chemical characteristics of SuSyl. However, we cannot yet decide whether recombinant SuSyl from yeast is phosphorylated. 

Hong, Z. Verma, D.P.S. A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is induced during soybean nodule organogenesis and is associated with membrane proliferation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 9617-9621 (1994)... 

Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH EC 1.2.1.37) participates in the ureide biosynthetic pathway and catalyses the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid (Schubert, 1986). Initially, XDH was localised in the infected cells of soybean nodules (Triplett, 1985), suggesting that the purine biosynthetic pathway occurs there and that uric acid is the most probable intermediate transported from the infected cells. However, a recent study on the localisation of XDH in cowpea nodules (Newcomb et al., 1990) indicated that XDH is located in both infected and uninfected cells and suggests that the plastids... 

It has been determined that the PBM comprises approximately 20 times more membrane than the plasma membrane (Verma et al., 1978). Therefore, massive membrane biosynthesis is required during the course of PBM formation. However, it is not clear what signals are responsible for this highly regulated membrane biosynthesis in the developing nodules. One of the key enzymes in the phospholipid biosynthetic pathway has been shown to be induced in soybean nodules and has been suggested to be a nodulin (Mellor et al., 1986). 

Bergmann, H., Preddie, E. Verma, D.P.S. (1983). Nodulin-35 A subunit of specific uricase (uricase II) induced and localized in the uninfected cells of soybean nodules. The EMBO Journal 2, 2333-9. 

Fortin, M.G., Zelechowska, M. Verma, D.P.S. (1985). Specific targeting of the membrane nodulins to the bacteroid enclosing compartment in soybean nodules. The EMBO Journal 4, 3041-6. 

Jacobsen, K., Laursen, N.B., Jensen, E.O., Marker, A., Poulson, C. Marcker, K.A. (1990). HMG-like proteins from leaf and nodule nuclei interact with different AT motifs in soybean nodule promoters. The Plant Cell 2, 85-94. 

O Brian, M.R., Kirshbom, P.M. Majer, R.J. (1987). Bacterial heme synthesis is required for expression of the leghemoglobin but not the apoprotein in soybean nodules. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 84, 8390-3. 

Reibach, P.H. Streeter, J.G. (1983). Metabolism of l4C-labeled photosynthate and distribution of enzymes of glucose metabolism in soybean nodules. Plant Physiology 72, 634-40. 

Streeter, J. (1987). Carbohydrate, organic acid, and amino acid composition of bacteroids and cytosol from soybean nodules. Plant Physiology 85, 768-73. 

Suzuki, H. Verma, D.P.S. (1991). Soybean nodule-specific uricase (nodulin-35) is expressed and assembled into functional tetrameric holoenzyme in Escherichia coli. Plant Physiology 95, 384-9. 

Weaver, C.D., Crombie, B., Stacey, G. Roberts, D.M. (1991). Calcium-dependent phosphorylation of symbiosome membrane protein from nitrogen-fixing soybean nodules. Plant Physiology 95, 222-7. 

The assay was demonstrated to be suitable for measurement of enzyme activity in extracts prepared from Azotobacter vinelandii and soybean nodules. 

Stewart, D.C., and Copeland, L., 1998, Uridine 5(-diphosphate-glucose dehydrogenase from soybean nodules. Plant Physiol. 116 149-355. 

Morgan, J.F. Klucas, R.V. Grayer, R.J. Abian, J. Becana, M. Complexes of iron with phenolic compounds from soybean nodules and other legume tissues prooxidant and antioxidant properties. Free Radical Biol. Med. 1997, 22, 861-870. 

L-Rhamnose is the main monosaccharide in the polysaccharide produced by Bradyrhizobium species within soybean nodules.224 An acidic polysaccharide from... 

J. An, R. W. Carlson, J. Glushka, and J. G. Streeter, The structure of a novel polysaccharide produced by Bradyrhizobium species within soybean nodules, Carbohydr. Res., 269 (1995) 303-317. 

Note This experiment requires soybean nodules which can be obtained by growing a small pot of soybeans, obtaining them from a farmer, or from a college or university laboratory. If the soybeans are grown in soil that has already had soybeans grown in it, then nodules will form. If not, then the soil must be inoculated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The directions for all of this are presented below. 

Figure E42-2. Prep scale separation of the ferric leghemoglobins in soybean nodules.

Early studies by Ellfolk demonstrated that there were several Lb isomers in soybean nodules (27). Ammonium sulfate fractionation of nodule extracts followed by anion exchange chromatography in ace-... 

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