Climate early detection

This approach requires insights from all branches of the Earth sciences, although the reader will detect a bias toward geochemistry, for this is a particularly powerful tool with which to explore the early Earth and the author s prime area of expertise. An exploration of early Earth Systems is different from the climate modeling of modern Earth System Science with its strong societal implications,... 

In the characterization of building and construction materials, the most frequently analytical tool performed have been X-ray diffraction but also, thermal analysis and microscopic techniques. Nowadays, infrared and other spectroscopic techniques have become as a useful, non-destructive and easy technique to study the phase composition of initial but also the evolved materials due to their exposure to the climatic conditions. Moreover, by using this tool is possible the detection of crystalline but also the amorphous phases very frequently developed on certain cementitious materials, mainly at early ages. The infrared spectroscopy is used both to gather information about the structure of compoimds and as analytical tool to assess in qualitative and quantitative analysis of mixtures. 

Similar to the measurements with non-exposed specimens, the unfilled material exhibits higher electrical strength over the entire measurement period, both in the ramp and in the step test. While pure resin exhibits lower dielectric strength and dielectric withstanding values with increasing moisture concentration in the early time range, no moisture influence could be detected in the quartz powder-lilled epoxy resin compound after more than 5 years in tropical climate despite saturation. 

The detection of atmospheres on extrasolar planet is a very difficult task. 71% of the Earth is covered by oceans but up to now it is the only planet with water in liquid form on its surface. Venus might have had water on its early history, on Mars water may exist in a frozen state near the surface and climatic changes have occurred and formed river-like structures that are observed on its surface. There exists the possibility to find condensed water in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn and in deeper layers of Uranus and Neptune. Subsurface oceans may exist on several satellites of the giant planets. But how can we detect water on extrasolar planets, how can we detect whether these objects have even an atmosphere ... 

---