E Solution with Ethanol

Scale (mg/tablet) Item Material Name Quantity/L (g) 

Heat mixture of item 1 and 2 to about 60°C, stir well. 

Slowly add the warm solvent mixture of items 3 and 4. A clear, colorless liquid of low viscosity should be formed. 

Charge items 1 and 2 in a suitable stainless steel-jacketed vessel, heat to 60°C. 

In a separate vessel (jacketed and explosion proof) charge item 3 and 4 and heat to 40°C. 

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It is wise to load the antigen with a filtration device (Schleicher and Schiill). Afterward, you fix the proteins (e.g., with ethanol/acetic acid solutions, TCA, or heating up) and block the protein binding sites of the membrane (BSA, milk powder, and so on, see Section 1.6.2). This is followed by incubations with anti-antigen and peroxidase conjugated anti-IgG antibody. You wash between the individual steps (Table 6.2). Afterward, you punch the dots on the nitrocellulose membrane into the depressions (wells) of microtiter plates. With a suitable substrate solution, a peroxidase-catalyzed color reaction develops in the wells. The color solution is transferred into new microtiter plates (to get rid of the confetti) and finally measured in the ELISA reader. A calibration curve with defined amounts of antigen quantifies the results (Becker et al. 1989). 

Substitution Derivatives of Ethyl Malonate, Ethyl malonate resembles ethyl acetoacetate in that it gives rise to mono- and di-substituted derivatives in precisely similar circumstances. Thus when ethanolic solutions of ethyl malonate and of sodium ethoxide are mixed, the sodium derivative (A) of the enol form is produced in solution. On boiling this solution with an alkyl halide, e.g, methyl iodide, the methyl derivative (B) of the keto form is obtained. When this is treated again in ethanolic solution with sodium ethoxide, the... 

Organic salts (e.g. trimethylammonium benzoate) are usually purified by recrystallisation from polar solvents (e.g. water, ethanol or dimethyl formamide). If the salt is too soluble in a polar solvent, its concentrated solution should be treated dropwise with a miscible nonpolar, or less polar, solvent (see Table 8, Chapter 1) until crystallisation begins. 

The synthesis can be conducted both in solution and without solvents. The reaction in solvent (e.g., methanol, ethanol, dioxane, dimethylformamide) is recommended for volatile 1,3-diynes and amines in this case the pyrroles are purer and the yield is higher. With disubstituted diacetylenes, ammonia and primary alkyl- and arylamines produce 1,2,3-trisubstituted pyrroles under the same conditions (65CB98 71MI1). Since disubstituted diacetylenes are readily obtained by oxidative coupling of acetylenes (98MI2), this reaction provides a preparative route to a wide range of pyrroles. 

An alternative elution technique is to transfer the powder (e.g. for bromophenol blue) to a glass column fitted with a glass-wool plug or glass sinter, and elute the dye with ethanol containing a little ammonia. The eluted solution, made up to a fixed volume in a small graduated flask, may be used for colorimetric/ spectrophotometric analysis of the recovered dye (see Chapter 17). A calibration curve must, of course, be constructed for each of the individual compounds. 

Acid-catalyzed aminomethylations of 5W-dibenz[/>,/]azepine (5) in ethanolic solution with formaldehyde and a secondary amine yield the 2-(aminoalkyl) derivatives, e.g. 6.186 If acetic acid is used as the solvent, however, then 2,8-bis(aminoaIkylatiou), e.g. formation of 7, results. 

The diazotization reaction can also be initiated via the vapor phase, e. g. with ethyl nitrite that can be generated in one trough of a twin-trough chamber by adding a few drops of cone, hydrochloric acid to a mixture of ethanol and saturated aqueous sodium nitrite solution (1 + 1) [3] the less volatile amyl nitrite can be used as an alternative [3]. 

Medicinal chemists should be aware that inexperienced biologists can erroneously conclude that poorly aqueous soluble compounds are orally absorbed when compounds are dosed in pharmaceutically unacceptable solvents. Always ask what is the dosing vehicle Heroic combinations of DMSO, Cremophor, poly(ethylene glycol), Tween-80 and ethanol are unacceptable and misleading. In case of doubt consult with a pharmaceutical scientist colleague. The reliable standards are an aqueous solution (with perhaps a trace of DMSO) or a suspension (perhaps stabilized with an acceptable quantity of adjuvant, e.g. Tween-80). 

For preparations for oral use, knowledge of the desired dosage form is important, but compatibility with ethanol, glycerin, sucrose, corn syrup, preservatives, and buffers is usually carried out. This type of study also gives an idea of the activation energy, E, of the predominant reaction in solution. The Arrhenius plots (Fig. 16) for compounds in solution are usually quite precise. 

The UV spectra of several 5-aminoimidazoles (180) have been examined in ethanol or acetonitrile solution (Table IX). A change of pH from neutral to either basic or acidic pH results in a shift of maxima. For example, compound (180 R = R2 = Me) in ethanolic solution with 1 M HC1 gave two maxima at 210 nm (e 1470) and 243 nm (e 2040), and in ethanolic solution with 1 M NaOH gave one maxima at 216 nm (e 10720) (87TH1). Also, AIRs (180 R1 = ribonucleoside, R2 = H) displayed a single maxima... 

Fig. 15.14 Illustration of selective deposition strategies for catalyst nanoparticles (left) on the inner and (right) on the outer surface of CNTs according to Ref. [Ill], For inside deposition the CNTs are (a) impregnated with an ethanolic solution of the metal precursor, followed by washing with distilled water to protect the outer surface, and (c) subsequent drying and final treatment to form the catalyst nanoparticies. For outside deposition the CNTs are (d) impregnated with an organic solvent to block the inner tubule, followed by (e) impregnation with an aqueous solution of the metal precursor and (f) subsequent drying and final treatment.

For the experiment, the dorsal skin of young rats (Wistar or a comparable strain) is shaved and washed with an antibiotic solution (containing, e.g., streptomycin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, and amphotericin in concentrations inhibiting bacterial growth). After skin excision, excess fat is peeled off and the skin is placed over the end of a polytetrafluoroethylene tube with the epidermal side in touch with the hollow cylinder. The skin is fixed with an O-ring and the tube interior is sealed. The side of the dermis is then submersed in a magnesium sulphate solution (154 mM). The samples are applied at 30°C to the epidermal side of the skin in such a way that the skin interface is fully covered. After the incubation time, the substances are removed with prewarmed water the skin surface tension is decreased with ethanol which is subsequently replaced with magnesium sulphate solution (154 mM). 

Kometani et al. [71] reported that baker s yeast catalyzed the asymmetric reduction of acetol to (i )-1,2-propanediol with ethanol as the energy source. The enzyme involved in the reaction was an NADH-dependent reductase, and NADH required for the reduction was supplied by ethanol oxidizing enzyme(s) in the yeast. When washed cells of baker s yeast were incubated with 10 mg ml of acetol in an ethanol solution with aeration, (k)-1,2-propanediol was formed almost stoichiometrically with an optical purity of 98.2% e. e. 

Monohaloalkanes can undergo elimination reactions when they are with ethanolic potassium (or sodium) hydroxide, l.e. a solution of potr hydroxide in ethanol. For example, when 2-bromopropane is heated Wi potassium hydroxide, the alkene propene is formed ... 

Olivetol. (5-Alkyl Resourcinol) BER 69, 1644 (1936). Mix 25 g of ethyl-3,4,5-trimethoxy benzoyl acetate and 2.0 g of clean sodium in 100 ml ethanol and warm to react. Add 2 g n-propyl iodide (this may be replaced with n-amyl iodide) and heat on a steam bath for 12 hours, then neutralize and remove the ethanol by distillation. Extract the residue with ether, dry, and evaporate in vacuo to get 30 g of the alkyl acetate. Heat 22 g of this acetate in 5% KOH ethanolic solution for 1 hour at 50° and let stand to precipitate 14 g of 3,4,5-trimethoxyvalerophenone. Mix 11 g of the above product with 60 g of sodium in 600 ml ethanol. Warm and after dissolving the sodium add 2 liters of water. M e acidic with HCl acid and remove the ethanol by distillation. Extract with ether, dry, and evaporate the ether in vacuo to get if. g olivetol dimethyl ether. To demethylate this ether add it to 70 ml of hydrogen iodide and heat to boiling and reflux for two hours. Distill and keep the fraction at 160°-170° with 3-4 mm of vacuum applied to the distillation set-up. Yield about 6 g. 

Nickel of activity comparable to Raney nickel is obtained by reduction of nickel salts, e.g. nickel acetate, with 2 mol of sodium borohydride in an aqueous solution and by washing the precipitate with ethanol [13, 47] Procedure 7, p. 205). Such preparations are designated P-1 or P-2 and can be conveniently prepared in situ in a special apparatus [4] Procedure 2, p. 202). They contain a high percentage of nickel boride, are non-magnetic and non-pyrophoric and can be used for hydrogenations at room temperature and... 

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