E-glass polyester composites

Table 1.5 Thermal expansion coefficients and volume fractions for some E-glass polyester composites.

Caddock B D, Evans K E and Hull D, The role of diffusion in the micromechanisms of stress corrosion cracking of E-glass/polyester composites, In Proc IMechE 2nd Int Conf Fibre Reinforced Composites, Liverpool, 1986. 

Hossain ME, Hossain MK, Hosur MV, Jeelani S(2011) Investigation of carbon nanofibca (CNFs) effects on the flexural and thermal behavior of E-glass/polyester composites. In Proeeedings of the ASME inbanational meehanieal engineering congress and exposition (IMECE), vol 12, pp 135-143... 

The results described in this paper were all obtained from tests on E-glass reinforced composite materials produced by hand lay-up. This is the manufacturing route most frequently used for marine structures. For the majority of the tests reported here the E-glass fibres were either quasi-unidirectional (250 g/m with 1 g/m of polyester fibres bonded in the 90° direction to keep the UD fibres in place) or stitched quadrlaxial (0/45/907-45° 1034 g/m ) cloths. The same uniaxial ply is used in both cloths. The resin is based on DGEBA epoxy (SRI500) with an amine hardener (2505) from Sicomin, France. All epoxy specimens were post-cured at 90°C for 6 hours. Some results are also shown for a woven glass (0/90° 500 g/m ) reinforced isophthalic polyester for comparison, as this is the traditional marine... 

Figures 4.4 to 4.10 give design charts, derived from the Halpin Tsai equations, for typical E-glass/polyester resin composite laminae, using the material properties given in Table 4.6. For the purposes of generating the graphs it has been assumed that the fibres and matrix are isotropic.

Kedari, V. R., Farah, B. and Hsiao, K.-T. (2011), Efliect of vacuum pressure, inlet pressure, and mold temperatnre on the void content, volume fiaction of polyester/E-glass fibre composites manufactured with VARTM process . Journal of Composite Materials, 45(26), 2121-11Al. 

Starch is one of the most widely used biopolymer in biocomposites because of its low cost and versatility. A plasticizer like glycol is sometimes used to make it suitable for processing. It is also blended with other polymers like aliphatic polyesters to improve its physical and mechanical properties. Biocomposites based on starch matrices show improved properties, which are comparable to E-glass/epoxy composites. Tensile, flexural, impact, and creep properties of these biocomposites are significantly better than those of neat starch. Various biofiber surface treatments have been shown to improve the properties of starch-based biocomposites. 

The use of fiber-reinforced composite materials for pipeline repairs was developed during work at Southwest Research Institute and Battelle in the late 1980s (Fawley, 1994 Stephens and Kilinski, 1994). There are two basic types of composite repair systems preformed (composite sleeves) and wet lay-up (composite wraps). The first commercially available system was Clock Spring , which consists of an E-glass/polyester resin-based composite material preformed into a multilayer coil that is installed using an adhesive (Figure 4.4). 

Fig. 5. Interlaminar fracture toughness, for a number of thermosetting and thermoplastic composites (36,37). Open white bars represent glass-fiber composites shaded bars are for carbon fibers. The materials are A, polyester (unidirectional) B, vinyl ester (CSM = chopped strand mat) C, epoxy (R/BR1424) D, epoxy (T300/914) E, PPS F, PES and G, PEEK. To convert J/m to fdbf/in. multiply by 2100.

Brink, A. E., Glass fiber reinforced polyester composites, presentation given at the Gordon Conference on Composites, Ventura, CA, 10-15 January, 1997. 

The most spectacular application example to date is perhaps the Aberfeldy footbridge over the river Tay in Scotland (see Fig. 11.4). This bridge is 113-m long, has a deck width of 2.2 m, and a main span of 113 m [4]. The entire deck structure, hand rails, and A-frame towers are pultruded composites, and the cable stays are Kevlar ropes. The deck structure is assembled from a modular system of pultruded 6-m long, hollow components, which consist of 70 percent by weight of E glass and 30 percent pigmented isophtalic polyester resin. 

The most important polymeric matrices are linear and cross-linked polyesters, epoxy resins and linear and cross-linked polyimides the most important reinforcements are high-performance polymeric fibres and filaments (for polymeric composites), filaments of refractory metals and inorganic materials (E-glass, A12C>3, B, BN, SiC and Carbon) and whiskers (fibrillar single crystals of A1203, B4C, WC, SiC and C, exclusively for reinforcement of metals). 

Glass, R., personal communication, 2001. - Albemarle Corporation USA Deyrup, E. J., Toughened tliermoplastic polyester compositions, US Patent 4 753 980 (to DuPont Company, Wilmington, DA), 1988. 

In this respect, (thermoset) plastics composites with discontinuous fibre products are already mostly used in the car body applications, where polyester/E-glass is predominating (mostly because of polyesters, economy, ease of processability and reasonable mechanical properties provided), followed by use of phenolics (when fire retardance is required, in friction linings and engine compartments), and epoxies. Replacement by carbon or aramid fibre reinforcements can reduce body mass by 40% (compared to steel) and with more added strength, but the cost is unfavourable at the moment, as mentioned previously [12, 13]. 

An E-glass fiber polyester composite was examined in [28]. Powdery specimens were collected by grinding from a laminate using a rasp and then placed on a scale within a TGA Q500 oven from TA instruments Inc. [28]. The temperature of the oven is increased at a linear rate. As the temperature approaches the decomposition temperature, T, the mass of the sample begins to decrease, as shown in Figure 2.10. 

Figure 2.10 TGA remaining and derivative weight versus temperature and determination of Tj (heating rate at 20°Cmin , based on an E-glass fiber polyester composite material).

Figure 2.11 T jonje, determined from mass loss curves measured at different heating rates (TGA results based on a E-glass fiber polyester composite [28]). (With permission from Elsevier.)...

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