Drug cancer chemotherapy

This a common side effect of cytotoxic drugs (cancer chemotherapy. Chapter 10). 

Fluorouracil is one component of a mixture of three drugs used in breast cancer chemotherapy What is its stmcture" ... 

Vincristine and vinblastine (vinca alkaloids) comprise another class of drugs that inhibit the polymerization of microtubules but do so by binding to the tubulin molecule at a site different from the colchicine site. Cultured cells exposed to high concentrations of vinca alkaloids develop intracytoplasmic paracrystalline aggregates of tubulin. These drugs are employed clinically in cancer chemotherapy to inhibit the growth of tumors composed of rapidly dividing cells. 

Another drug is taxol, which is extracted from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevijolia. Unlike colchicine and the vinca alkaloids, taxol binds tightly to microtubules and stabilizes them against depolymerization by Ca. It also enhances the rate and yield of microtubule assembly, thereby decreasing the amount of soluble tubulin in the cytosol pool. Again, the overall effect of taxol is to arrest dividing cells in mitosis. Taxol is used in cancer chemotherapy. 

Gabizon, A. (1989). Liposomes as a drug delivery system in cancer chemotherapy, in Drug Carrier Systems Horizons in Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol. 9 (F. H. Roerdink and A. M. Kroon, eds.), John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp. 185-211. 

Poste, G., and Kirsh, R. (1983). Site-specific (targeted) drug delivery in cancer chemotherapy. Biotechnology, 1, 869-878. 

Weinstein, J. N., and Leserman, L. D. (1984). Liposomes as drug carriers in cancer chemotherapy, Pharmacol. Ther., 24. 207-233. 

Inhibitors of Folate Metabolism Provide Cancer Chemotherapy Antibacterial Antimalarial Drugs... 

Multistep Syntheses natural substances,32 and it is currently an important drug in cancer chemotherapy. 

Colchicine (a drug used in treatment of gout) and vinblastine (a cancer chemotherapy agent) may decrease liver uptake of americium. In rats that received an intraperitoneal injection of either colchicine and vinblastine prior to an intravenous or intramuscular injection of americium citrate, liver uptake of americium was lower, relative to controls, and kidney and skeletal americium uptake were higher (Seidel 1984, 1985). The effect is thought to involve disruption of hepatic microtubule formation, which is critical to the formation and intracellular processing of lysosomes, the initial site of accumulation of americium in the liver. 

One of the most successful conjugate polymer systems was developed by Duncan and Kopecek (25). The polymer carrier used in their system is poly [N(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide] a biocompatible polymer that was originally developed as a plasma extender. They have evaluated a number of polymer conjugated drugs for cancer chemotherapy with interesting results. The attachment of the drug is through a peptidyl spacer pendent to the polymer backbone. These peptides links are stable in aqueous media but are readily hydrolyzed intracellularly... 

The most important application recently developed for synthetic liposomes is as potential drug carriers for controlled release, especially for cancer chemotherapy (7). In general, the success of liposomes as vehicles for the transport of specific drugs will largely depend on their stability under physiological conditions. Unlike the naturally occurring membranes, the synthetic vesicles have very limited stability, and this is a... 

New regulations Accelerating development of cancer chemotherapy New drug-delivery systems... 

A thorough discussion of the mechanisms of absorption is provided in Chapter 4. Water-soluble vitamins (B2, B12, and C) and other nutrients (e.g., monosaccharides, amino acids) are absorbed by specialized mechanisms. With the exception of a number of antimetabolites used in cancer chemotherapy, L-dopa, and certain antibiotics (e.g., aminopenicillins, aminoceph-alosporins), virtually all drugs are absorbed in humans by a passive diffusion mechanism. Passive diffusion indicates that the transfer of a compound from an aqueous phase through a membrane may be described by physicochemical laws and by the properties of the membrane. The membrane itself is passive in that it does not partake in the transfer process but acts as a simple barrier to diffusion. The driving force for diffusion across the membrane is the concentration gradient (more correctly, the activity gradient) of the compound across that membrane. This mechanism of... 

Hariparsad, N., Sane, R.S., Strom, S.C. and Desai, PB. (2006) In vitro methods inhuman drug biotransformation research implications for cancer chemotherapy. Toxicology In Vitro An International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA, 20 (2), 135-153. 

Wacher, V. J., Wu, C. Y., Benet, L. Z., Overlapping substrate specificities and tissue distribution of cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein implications for drug delivery and activity in cancer chemotherapy, Mol. Carcinogen. 1995, 13, 129-134. 

Cisplatin, (ds-[PtCl2(NH3)2], also known as cis-DDP) ((1), Figure 2) is perhaps the best known example of a small molecule metal-containing drug. The clinically used platinum complexes are shown in Figure 2. The history of the discovery and development of cisplatin remains a remarkable scientific story.33 Its use and effectiveness in cancer chemotherapy since the entry into the clinic in the late 1970s has been thoroughly documented.34-36 Cisplatin is cited for treatment of... 

Rideout, D. (1994) Self-assembling drugs A new approach to biochemical modulation in cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Invest. 12, 189-202. 

Maeda, H., Greish, K. and Fang, J. The EPR Effect and Polymeric Drugs A Paradigm Shift for Cancer Chemotherapy in the 21st Century. Vol. 193, pp. 103-121. 

The answer is e. (Hardmanr p 930.) All the drugs listed in the question are used as antiemetics. Chlorpromazine is a general antiemetic, used orally, rectally, or by injection for the control of nausea and vomiting that is caused by conditions that are not necessarily defined. Ondansetron is indicated in the oral or intravenous route for the prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy Diphenhydramine and dimen-hydrinate are used orally for the active and prophylactic treatment of motion sickness. Scopolamine is a transdermal preparation used in the prevention of motion sickness. The drug is incorporated into a bandage-like... 

Epothilones A, B and E (4,5 and 6) (Fig. 2) are representative members of a new class of bacterially derived natural products which exhibit potent biological activity. Isolated by Hofle and coworkers [6] from a soil sample collected near the Zambesi river, the compounds have provided a great deal of excitement in the scientific community due to their potent cytotoxicity against a number of multiple drug-resistant tumor cell lines and because of the mechanism by which they exert this effect. Like Taxol [7], the epothilones promote the combination of a- and 3-tubulin subunits and stabilize the resulting microtubule structures. This mode of action inhibits the cell division process and is, therefore, an attractive strategy for cancer chemotherapy [7,8]. 

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