Drug abuse/addiction

Chuang LF, Killam Jr KF, Chuang RY (1997) SIV infecdon of macaques A model for studying AIDS and drug abuse. Addict Biol 2 421 30. 

Dr. Charles. Schuster, N. iiional Insiinicc on Drug Abuse Addiction Research Center The foumal, October 1993)... 

NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse (2012) The Science of Drug Abuse and Addiction. In Media Guide. Retrieved from http //www.drugabuse.gov/publications/media-guide/science-drug-abuse-addiction (accessed October 16, 2015). 

Therapeutic communities are supervised communal drug-free living situations for opioid and nonopioid drug abusers. Because substance abuse is viewed as a disorder of the whole person, the goal is a dramatic alteration of the addict s entire lifestyle (DeLeon 1985). Addicts are expected to five in these communities for 6—18 months. Therefore, they are not indicated for people who have a strong intimate relationship or stable employment. The community is a surrogate fam-... 

Hubbard RL, Marsden ME, Rachal JV, et al Drug Abuse Treatment A National Study of Effectiveness. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1989 Hunt DE, Lipton DS, Goldsmith DS, et al It takes yom heart the image of methadone maintenance in the addict world and its effect on recruitment into treatment. Int J Addict 20 1751-1771, 1985-1986... 

Seecof R, Tennant FS Subjective perceptions to the intravenous rush of heroin and cocaine in opioid addicts. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 12 79—87, 1987 Sees KL, Delucci KL, Masson C, et al Methadone maintenance vs. 180-day psycho-socially enriched detoxification for treatment of opioid dependence a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 283 1303-1310, 2000 Sells SB Treatment effectiveness, in Handbook on Drug Abuse. Edited by Dupont RE, Goldstein A, O Donnell J. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979, pp 105-118... 

A dramatically different pattern is found in surveys of drug abuse treatment facilities. Substance abuse treatment centers have reported that more than 20% of patients use benzodiazepines weekly or more frequently, with 30%— 90% of opioid abusers reporting illicit use (Iguchi et al. 1993 Stitzer et al 1981). Methadone clinics reported that high proportions ofurine samples are positive for benzodiazepines (Darke et al. 2003 Dinwiddle et al. 1996 Ross and Darke 2000 Seivewright 2001 Strain et al. 1991 Williams et al. 1996). The reasons for the high rates of benzodiazepine use in opioid addicts include self-medication of insomnia, anxiety, and withdrawal symptoms, as well as attempts to boost the euphoric effects of opioids. 

Klein E, Uhde TW, Post RM Preliminary evidence for the utility of carbamazepine in alprazolam withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 143 235—236, 1986 Kouyanou K, Pither CE, Wessely S Medication misuse, abuse and dependence in chronic pain patients. J Psychosom Res 43 497-304, 1997 Kryspin-Exner K [Misuse of bezodiazepine derivatives in alcoholics] (German). Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs 61 283-290, 1966 Kryspin-Exner K, Demel 1 The use of tranquilizers in the treatment of mixed drug abuse. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 12 13-18, 1973... 

Bowen JS, Davis GB, Kearney TE, et al Diffuse vascular spasm associated with 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine ingestion. JAMA 249 1477-1479, 1983 Brands B, Sproule B, Marshman J Drugs and Drug Abuse, 3rd Edition. Toronto, Ontario, Addiction Research Foundation, Fondation de la recherche sur la toxi-comanie, 2001... 

Bohn MJ, Kranzler HR, Beazoglou D, et al Naltrexone and brief counseling to reduce heavy drinking results of a small clinical trial. Am J Addict 3 91—99, 1994 Budney AJ, Higgins ST A Community Reinforcement Plus Vouchers Approach Treating Cocaine Addiction. (NIDA Puhl No 98 309). Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1998... 

Welle R, Kdnig HH, Leidl R (2000) The costs of health damage and productivity losses attributable to cigarette smoking in Germany. Eur J Public Health 10 31-38 Xie X et al (1996) The economic costs of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug abuse in Ontario. Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto... 

Chief, Laboratory of Neurobiology Neuroscience Branch Addiction Research Center National Institute on Drug Abuse Baltimore, MD 21224... 

Kozlowski, L. T., Henningfield, J. E., Keenan, R. M., Lei, H., et al., Patterns of alcohol, cigarette, and caffeine and other drug use in two drug abusing populations. Special Issue Towards a broader view of recovery Integrating nicotine addiction and chemical dependency treatments. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 1993 Mar-Apr Vol 10(2), 171-179, 1993. 

Carroll KM (1998). A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach Treating Cocaine Addiction (NIH Publication No. 98-4308). National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD. 

Jacobs MR and Fehr K (1987). Cannabis. In Drugs and Drug Abuse A Reference Text (2nd edn, pp. 225-239). Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto. 

Fig. 22.1 Mechanisms underlying substance abuse. Addictive behavior is seen as a cyclical process where anticipation of the pleasure resulting from use of the drug leads to failure of the psychological mechanisms that usually control consumption. Excess quantities of drug are taken and an unpleasant withdrawal state arises when drug levels fall. This leads to...

Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G. -J. and Swanson, J. M. Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction results from imaging studies and treatment implications. Molec. Psychiat. 9 557-569, 2004. 

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