Alcohol and addiction

Foltin, R. W., The importance of drug self-administration studies in the analysis of abuse liability An analysis of caffeine, nicotine, anabolic steroids, and designer drugs. Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions (1990, Santa Monica, California). American Journal on Addictions Spr Vol 1(2), 139-149, 1992. 

International Council on Alcohol and Addictions (ICAA). Online. Available HTTP (accessed 2 April 2003). 

Nordegren, Thomas. The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. Parkland, Fla. Brown Walker Press, 2002. A comprehensive reference work covering more tlian 30,000 terms, slang words and phrases, organizations, and other entries relating to alcohol and drug abuse. Prepared in cooperation with the International Council on Alcohol and Addictions. 

Ingrid A. Lobo was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. She received her Bachelor of Science degree in Molecular Biology from the University of Texas at Austin in 1999. Currently, she is a graduate student in the Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research at the University of Texas at Austin working towards her Ph.D. This is her first book. 

Sabey, B. E. and G. C. Staughton (1975). Interacting roles of road, environment, and road user in accidents. Paper presented at the Fifth International Conference of the International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine, and the 3 International Conference on Drug Abuse of the International Council on Alcohol and Addiction. 1-5 September. London, UK. 

Individuals experiencing dmg withdrawal can become conditioned to environmental situations. Previously neutral stimuli can elicit many of the symptoms of dmg withdrawal, and this conditioned withdrawal has motivational significance especially in alcohol and opiate addiction. Thus conditioned withdrawal may trigger craving and relapse in a particular situation. 

Ciraulo DA, Jaffe JH Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of depression associated with alcoholism. Clin Psychopharmacol 1 146—150, 1981 Ciraulo DA, Nace E Benzodiazepine treatment of anxiety or insomnia in substance abuse patients. Am J Addict 9 276—284, 2000 Ciraulo DA, Barnhill JG, Jaffe JH, et al Intravenous pharmacokinetics of 2-hydroxy-imipramine in alcoholics and normal controls. J StudAlcohol 51 366-372, 1990 Ciraulo DA, Knapp CM, LoCastro J, et al A benzodiazepine mood effect scale reliability and validity determined for alcohol-dependent subjects and adults with a parental history of alcoholism. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 27 339—347, 2001 Collins MA Tetrahydropapaveroline in Parkinson s disease and alcoholism a look back in honor of Merton Sandler. Neurotoxicology 25 117-120, 2004 COMBINE Study Research Group Testing combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions in alcohol dependence rationale and methods. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27 1107-1122, 2003a... 

Kranzler HR, Rosenthal RN Dual diagnosis alcoholism and co-morbid psychiatric disorders. Am J Addict 12 (suppl 1) S26—S40, 2003 Kranzler HR, Tinsley JA (eds) Dual Diagnosis Substance Abuse andComorbid Medical and Psychiatric Disorders, 2nd Edition. New York, Marcel Dekker, 2004... 

Meyer RE How to understand the relationship between psychopathology and addictive disorders another example of the chicken and the egg, in Psychopathology and Addictive Disorders. Edited by Meyer RE. New York, Guilford, 1986, pp 3-16 Monteiro MG, Klein ]L, Schuckit MA High levels of sensitivity to alcohol in young adult]ewlsh men a pilot study. ] Stud Alcohol 32 464 69, 1991 Mueller TI, Stout RL, Rudden S, et al A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of carbamazepine for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res... 

Ball JC, Lange WR, Myers CP, et al Reducing the risk of AIDS through methadone maintenance treatment. J Health Soc Behav 29 214—226, 1988b Bare LA, Mansson E, Yang D Expression of two variants of the human mu opioid receptor mRNA in SK-N-SH cells and human brain. FEES Lett 354 213—216, 1994 Barr HL, Cohen A Abusers of alcohol and narcotics who are they Int J Addict 22 52 5— 541, 1987... 

Gossop M, Bradley B, Phillips GT An investigation of withdrawal symptoms shown by opiate addicts during and subsequent to a 21 -day in-patient methadone detoxification procedure. Addict Behav 12 1-6, 1987 GreenJ, Jaffe JH Alcohol and opiate dependence. J Stud Alcohol 38 1274-1293,1977 Green L, Gossop M Effects of information on the opiate withdrawal syndrome. Br J Addict 83 305-309, 1988... 

In humans, a comparative examination of the positive reinforcing effects of solvents showed that among inhalant-dependent subjects, solvents induced a more intense sensation of pleasant feelings than that induced by alcohol and nicotine in subjects addicted to these substances (Kono et al. 2001). Solvent-dependent subjects reported pleasant feelings comparable to those reported by stimulant-dependent subjects after use of methamphetamine. However,... 

Graham, K., Reasons for consumption and heavy caffeine use Generalization of a model based on alcohol research. Addictive Behaviors 13(2), 209-214, 1988. 

Cunningham CL and Dworkin SI (1999). Alcoholism and drug addiction What determines vulnerability Molecular Medicine Today, 6, 101-103. 

Verheul R, van den Brink W and Hartgers C (1995). Prevalence of personality disorders among alcoholics and drug addicts An overview. European Addiction Research, 1, 166-177. 

The pleasure derived from using tobacco is linked to the stimulation of dopamine-dependent neurotransmitter pathways in the brain, particularly in the meso-limbic system. The precise nature of this link remains controversial, but many of the neurophysiological processes underlying nicotine addiction are common to other addictive drugs with diverse pharmacological actions such as opiates, cannabis, alcohol and cocaine. 

Secobarbital exhibits the same pharmacologic properties as other members of the barbiturate class. Most nonmedical use is with short-acting barbiturates, such as secobarbital. Although there may be considerable tolerance to the sedative and intoxicating effects of the drug, the lethal dose is not much greater in addicted than in normal persons. Tolerance does not develop to the respiratory effect. The combination of alcohol and barbiturates may lead to fatalities because of their combined respiratory depressive effects. Similar outcomes may occur with the benzodiazepines. Severe withdrawal symptoms in epileptic patients may include grand mal seizures and delirium. 

Also known as methaqualone, Quaalude, ludes and wallbangers. This drug is addictive, sometimes fatal (especially when combined with alcohol) and is best left alone. 

Beasley JD. Foodfor recovery the complete nutritional companion for recovering from alcoholism, drug addiction, and eating disorders. New York Crown Trade Paperbacks, 1994. 

Blum K. Alcohol and the addictive brain new hope for alcoholics from biogenetic research. New York Free Press, 1991. 

Cannabis carries some potential for dependence and addiction. Compared to cocaine, heroin, alcohol, and nicotine, cannabis has lesser addictive potential and withdrawal effects, but some users do develop compulsive and maladaptive use patterns that require treatment (Taylor 1998). Individuals with underlying psychopathology or tendencies for substance abuse should be particularly leery of using cannabis in the interests of avoiding compulsive use patterns. 

Ultimately, the cultivation, sale, and possession of cannabis is illegal at present in most places. Individuals who use it for whatever purpose in most areas carry the risk of arrest and prosecution. From the perspective of addictiveness, it seems inconsistent that cannabis use is prohibited, while the use of alcohol and nicotine are permitted. Apart from arguments about the recreational use of cannabis, resistance to its medical application is even more inconsistent. For example, the opioids carry some risk for dependence, but with medical supervision they are useful medications and their abuse is minimal (Joranson et al. 2000). Whether use of cannabis is to be permitted and for which purposes (medical or recreational) remains to be collectively decided by society and the legislators it appoints. 

Miller NS, Goldsmith RJ (2001) Craving for alcohol and drugs in animals and humans biology and behavior. J Addict Dis 20 87-104... 

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