Double standards

Moatti JP, Spire B, Kazatchkine M (2004) Drug resistance and adherence to HIV/AIDS antiretroviral treatment against a double standard between the north and the south, AIDS I8 S55-S6I Moore RD, Chaisson RE (1997) Costs to Medicaid of advancing immunosuppression in an urban HIV-infected patient population in Maryland, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 16 223-231... 

In Australia, therapeutic goods manufactured for export are not subject to the same standards as those consumed locally. Moreover, therapeutic goods that are manufactured by an unincorporated individual, and goods that are not traded across a state boundary, are exempt goods and not subject to control or registration. Use of double standards in the case of exported products raises questions of fairness in international public health. 

Egregious Double Standard , Complementary Therapies in Medicine 11, no. 3 (2003) 193-95... 

Macklin, R. 2004. Double Standards in Medical Research in Developing Countries. Cambridge ... 

What is the rationale behind the proposal for a double standard and why is a doublestandard proposal so appealing ... 

This kind of reasoning emphasizes the positive consequences of having a double standard - more research and faster results will be available and this will benefit these poor societies. 

The weakest aspect of the argument is the assumption of benefit being produced by the relatively immediate availability of the tested drug or therapy. The double standard argument rests on the availability assumption. 

The difference with the double standard model is that it does not adhere to an established policy for all research, but is flexible only for exceptional and justified cases those that are of fundamental and vital importance to that community or region, and where successful results would become available to that community or region. 

According to this minimalist view, double standards are ethical. 

What have we learned so far The first issue has to do with the scope that the modification of standards would imply. The double standard as a criterion is broader than the scope that appeared to guide the initial reflections. It began by targeting AIDS but quickly pervaded all research. It has affected not only standards of treatment, but also the placebo debate. If it had been introduced into ethical codes like the Declaration of Helsinki, it would have implied a "universal policy" regulating all research. 

There are several advantages of the double standard preparation as used above. Significant amounts of toluene are conserved and the standards are prepared by single volume measurements (except for the one weight measurement). Also, other components can be added to the second set of standards at the time of preparation from other master standards. These components can then be varied independently of each other. 

Pipe Size (in.) Standard Thick (in.) Double Standard Thick (in.)... 

The study noted that some Australian researchers found a double standard in 1982 and 1996. Both years, it appeared acceptable for girls to take diet pills and other drugs to slim down. That was regarded as a medical condition. On the other hand, boys took stimulant drugs for the intoxicating effect. 

To demonstrate just what kind of double standard is being applied to the Holocaust (generally defined as the purposeful annihilation, chiefly by gassing, of millions of Jews by the National Socialists), let us note the international reaction to several recent examples of mass murder or crimes against humanity. ... 

However, in a systematic review there were significantly fewer deaths from all causes in lithium-treated patients (9 out of 696, 1.3%) compared with those who took other agents (22 out of 788, 2.8% OR = 0.42 95% Cl = 0.21, 0.87) (241). Individuals with bipolar illness have a doubled standardized mortality ratio compared with the general population (445). This difference appears to be due to factors such as frequent depressive episodes, co-morbidity with substance abuse, and lifestyle problems, such as reduced exercise, poor diet, and a lower... 

Kolkman, A., Dieksen, E. H., Slijpee, M., Heck, A. J. (2005). Double standards in quantitative proteomics direct comparative assessment of difference in gel electrophoresis and metabolic stable isotope labeling. Mol. Cell Proteomics 4, 255-266. 

Gabaraev, Boris, and Nikita Nikiforov, On the Double Standard in Russian-American Cooperation, Bulletin of Atomic Energy, No. 3, March 2003. 

Unfortunately, the GCP guidelines are not always applied to other biomedical research and rarely to independent studies on marketed products initiated by clinicians without support from the manufacturer. There is still a double standard in therapeutic research and therefore in published papers arising from them. Editors and reviewers do not see the full documentation of non-sponsored biomedical research, whereas the regulatory authorities and their expert advisers will expect to see all data in the support of new medicines. The extent of the differences in standards is recognised when a potential investigating site is visited and one realises that there are no SOPs, that documentation of laboratory procedures is suboptimal and that staff are not properly trained. These facets are mentioned because the training that clinicians, scientists and technicians receive from company-based staff before and during a sponsored clinical trial adds considerably to the quality standards. 

As mentioned in the Section 1, physico-chemical methodology for quantitative analysis of plant hormone focuses primarily on GC-SIM, although HPLC with selective fluorescence detection continues to be used for lAA analysis in some laboratories. Procedures, such as the 2-methylindolo-a-pyrone assay for lAA analysis [82], are now rarely utilised. With the exception of ethylene quantification [2] there is little use of non-MS-based GC detection techniques, despite the fact that selective analysis at the picogram level is achieved for ABA with an electron capture detector [83], and lAA and cytokinins with a nitrogen phosphorus detector [84,85]. The reason for the demise of these GC procedures is that the detectors are destructive and this precludes the reliable recovery of labelled internal standards for radioassay and isotopic dilution analysis. The usual compromise was to take two aliquots of the purified samples, one for GC analysis and the other for the determination of radioactivity. The accuracy of this approach is dependent upon the questionable assumption that the radioactivity in the purified sample is associated exclusively with the compound under study. In an attempt to circumvent this problem, a double standard isotope dilution procedure was devised for the quantitative analysis of lAA in which one internal standard was used to correct for losses during sample preparation and a second for GC quantification [86]. This procedure was used in several... 

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