Doping chemically

When the substituent is an ionic chain [Fig. 13(b)] with the anion on the organic side, some of the lateral anions act as counter-ions during electrochemical oxidation. The cation of the salt is expelled from, or included in, the material during oxidation or reduction, respectively. These are self-compensating or self-doping (chemical or physical terminology, respectively) materials.76... 

Semiconductor deposits thicker than the depletion layer (-10" cm) are required for optimum performance. The CdSe deposits were estimated to range up to 10" cm. The deposits were not doped chemically, but the heat treatment vaporizes Se leaving excess Cd which may act as a dopant. A marked increase in short circuit photocurrents was observed after heat treatments. 

Boron-doped chemical-vapor-deposited diamond is an exceptionally inert carbon electrode with a very wide potential window and very low voltammetric background current. [A. E. Fischer, Y. Show, and G. M. Swain, Electrochemical Performance of Diamond Thin-Film Electrodes from Different Commercial Sources, Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 2553.]... 

We have presented evidence to prove the structure of electrochemical ly generally poly(thiophene) from dithiophene both by independent synthesis and spectroscopy. Diodes and photodiodes were fabricated from lightly doped chemically and electrochemically synthesized PT. 

Cao et al. [133] studied the air stability of re-doped polythiophene which was prepared electrochemically and then compensated by aqueous ammonia as detailed in Table 16.8. Ammonia-compensated polythiophene was found to be quite stable when stored in an ambient atmosphere for 3 months, as neither any weight gain nor any change in infra-red spectmm was observed. Both the chemically re-doped and electrochemically prepared polythiophene showed much better stability as compared to polyacetylene and the air stability of the polymer was found to be dependent on the doping counter-ion as well as the solvent used in electrochemical polymerization. Electrochemically prepared polythiophene from a mixture of CH3CN and CH3NO2 (1 1 by volume) maintained their electrical conductivity, whereas the polymer re-doped chemically by FeCls was observed to be most stable in ambient air. 

Many oxidizing reagents have been used to achieve p-doping chemically (Table 6.8) of which gaseous AsFs,... 

Kuo, T.-C., R. L. McCreery, and G. M. Swain. Electrochemical modification of boron-doped chemical vapor deposited diamond surfaces with covalently bonded monolayers. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2, 1999 288-290. 

K. Okano, S. Koizumi, S.R.P. Silva, G.A.J. Amaratunga, Low-threshold cold cathodes made of nitrogen-doped chemical-vt mur-deposited diamond. Nature 381(6578), 140-141 (1996)... 

Wrobleski et al. and Thompson et al. [617, 942] studied a variety of CPs, including P(ANi) and poly(thiophene) derivatives (see below), for corrosion protection of steels in marine environments. An immediate need they sought to fulfill was protection in the space launch environment, which included HCl fumes, elevated temperatures, and salty air. The Zn chromate coatings in use for the purpose were frequently leached out by the HCl vapors. These workers synthesized P(ANi) chemically using persulfate oxidation, converted it into the soluble (reduced), emeraldine base form, and formed a solution in NMP. The solution was then applied by dip- and spraycoating methods, with the coatings then re-doped chemically by immersion in... 

PTh has been doped chemically and electrochemically. The cleanest spectra are obtained with spectroelectrochemical reflection methods using C104 as counterion [125]. Since data are reported as difference spectra the doping induced spectrum is clearly exhibited since the unreacted background has been subtracted ( fig.7). Infrared spectra with chemical doping have been presented by Cao et al.[126] the authors of ref.126 have doped also the oligomers. ... 

Kuo TC, McCreery RL, Swain GM (1999) Electrochemical modification of bortm-doped chemical vapor diamond surfaces with covalently bonded monolayers articles. Electrochem Solid State Lett 2 288-290... 

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