Donor Specificity

The usual diagnostic methods, both skin tests and specific IgE with whole Anisakis extract, have a good sensitivity but a low specificity to such a degree that in 22% of blood donors specific IgE to the parasite is detected [40] and at least 20% of patients with acute urticaria have positive skin prick tests with whole Anisakis extract [41 ]. As for BAT with whole Anisakis extract, Gonzalez-Munoz et al. [42] report a sensitivity of 96% with a specificity of 96%, which are clearly higher values than those from specific IgE. 

Shimizu, K. et al., Host CD40 ligand deficiency induces long-term allograft survival and donor-specific tolerance in mouse cardiac transplantation but does not prevent graft arteriosclerosis, J. Immunol., 165, 3506, 2000. 

Yamamoto, F., and S. Hakomori, Sugar-nucleotide donor specificity of histo-blood group A and B transferases is based on amino acid substitutions. J. Biol. Chem. 265 19257-19262, 1990. 

Zheng XX, Markees TG, Hancock WW, Li Y, et al. 1999. CTLA4 signals are required to optimally induce allograft tolerance with combined donor specific transfusion and anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody treatment. J Immunol. 162 4983-4990. 

Tomasoni, S., Azzollini, N., Casiraghi, F., Capogrossi, M. C., Remuzzi, G. and Benigni, A. (2000). CTLA4Ig gene transfer prolongs survival and induces donor-specific tolerance in a rat renal allograft. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11, 747-752. 

Another potential connection between Si-metaboHsm and photosynthetic competency has been proposed by Milligan and Morel (2002). Those authors demonstrated that biogenic silica provides good buffering capacity in seawater, and could potentially be used as a proton donor. Specifically, MiUigan and Morel suggest that to enhance the activity of RubisCO, which is undersaturated for CO2 at ambient... 

Ramakrishnan B, Qasba PK. Structure-based design of pi,4-galactosyltransferase I (f 4Gal-Tl) with equally efficient N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity point mutation broadens P4 gal-Tl donor specificity. J. Biol. Chem. 2002 277 20833-20839. 

Donor-specific blood transfusion in the preparation for transplantation was complicated by a higher incidence of cytomegalovirus infection in patients receiving azathioprine (56). 

Suassuna JH, Machado RD, Sampaio JC, Leite LL, Villela LH, Ruzany F, Souza ER, Moraes JR. Active cytomegalovirus infection in hemodialysis patients receiving donor-specific blood transfusions under azathioprine coverage. Transplantation 1993 56(6) 1552-4. 

Interactions of transfusion with transplantation can occur (200). Blood transfusions, and especially donor-specific transfusions, given before kidney transplantation have beneficial effects on graft survival the mechanism for this is not known (201-203). By contrast, pre-transplant transfusions in bone marrow recipients with aplastic anemia cause major complications, and can be responsible for graft rejection and marrow transplantation failure (204). 

Light JA, Metz S, Oddenino K, Strong DM, Simonis T, Biggers JA, Fernandez-Bueno C. Donor-specific transfusion with diminished sensitization. Transplantation 1982 34(6) 352-5. 

Whelchel JD, Shaw JF, Curtis JJ, Luke RG, Diethelm AG. Effect of pretransplant stored donor-specific blood transfusions on early renal allograft survival in one-haplo-type hving related transplants. Transplantation 1982 34(6) 326-9. 

In a 58-year-old man transfusion of a unit fresh frozen plasma resulted in acute lung injury, caused by antibodies of the donor specific for the neutrophil antigen NBl (11). 

Lo YMD, Tein MSC, Pang CCP, Yeung CK, Tong KL, Hjelm NM. Presence of donor-specific DNA in plasma of kidney and liver-transplant recipients. Lancet 1998 351 1329-30. 

Modifications of the Sialyl Donor. One of the first reports on the donor specificities of nonnatural substrates described transfer studies using MUNeuSAc and derivatives, with lactose as acceptor, and the native enzyme.166 Derivatives of C-7 MUNeuSAc... 

Hyperacute rejection may occur when preformed donor-specific antibodies are present in the recipient at the time of the transplant and may be evident within minutes of the transplant procedure. Hyperacute rejection can be induced by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that bind to antigens on the vascular endothelium, such as class I MHC, ABO, and vascular endothelial cell antigens. Tissue damage can be mediated through antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity or through activation of the complement cascade. The ischemic damage to the microvasculature rapidly produces tissue necrosis. 

Hyperacute rejection has become uncommon in kidney and heart transplants because transplant donors are matched for ABO blood groups and crossmatch testing is done to determine the presence of donor-specific lymphocytotoxic antibodies. A positive crossmatch presents a serious risk for graft failure even if hyperacute rejection does not occur. A negative lymphocytotoxicity crossmatch does not entirely rule out the possibility of hyperacute rejection because non-MHC antigens on the vascular endothelium can serve as targets of donor-specific antibodies. 

The Brossmer and Paulson groups have studied the sialyltransferase donor specificity with a series of C5 and C9 conjugates, all of which were prepared through the CMP-... 

In contrast to the acceptor specificity, the donor specificity of sialyltransferases is less pronounced, although differences exist. They can transfer not only Neu5Ac but... 

Watson R, Kozlowski T, Nickeleit V, et al. Isolated donor specific alloantibody-mediated rejection after ABO compatible liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2006 6 3022-3029. 

To date commercial /3(l-4)ga/actosyl transferase from bovine milk - /J(l-4)GalT -is the most thoroughly studied transferase with respect to its scope of the acceptor- and donor-specificities [28, 48]. The enzyme transfers a D-galactose unit from UDP-Gal onto the 4-OH-group of a terminal N-acetylglucosamine acceptor in a /1-mode to form N-acetyllactosamine (Fig. 3). In the presence of a-lactalbumine, the preferred acceptor is glucose to give lactose, respectively. 

---