Tar sand domestic

The production of domestic sulfur values (elemental recovered sulfur and the sulfur content of acid) will total about 18 million long tons per year by the year 2000. By region (Petroleum Administration for Defense districts), except for the east coast (PAD I), there will be no deficit areas in the U. S. Major contributors are sour natural gas and the refining of heavier, sour, crude oil. Proximate, scenario dependent sources, are electric utilities and coal-based synfuels. Shale oil, domestic tar sands and heavy oil, and unconventional sources of natural gas will be small suppliers. 

Energy demand, the implementation of sulfur oxide pollution controls, and the future commercialization of coal gasification and liquefaction have increased the potential for the development of considerable supplies of sulfur and sulfuric acid as a result of abatement, desulfurization and conversion processes. Lesser potential sources include shale oil, domestic tar sands and heavy oil, and unconventional sources of natural gas. Current supply sources of saleable sulfur values include refineries, sour natural gas processing and smelting operations. To this, Frasch sulfur production must be added. 

Table V shows metal distributions in two other domestic tar sand fractions. In the Battle Creek bitumen from Wyoming, bitumen metals and porphyrins are concentrated in the asphaltenes, as expected. Fractions obtained from the Edna, California outcrop have vanadium-to-...

The organic materials extracted from a number of domestic tar sands contain various amounts of vanadium and nickel, sometimes in substantial quantities. Metalloporphyrin complexes of these two metals have been detected in some outcrop and shallow core samples. If these porphyrins are indigenous petroporphyrins, it is evident that these compounds can survive weathering processes. 

As much as two-thirds of conventional crude oil discovered in U.S. fields remain unproduced, left behind because of the physics of fluid flow. In addition, hydrocarbons in unconventional rocks or that have unconventional characteristics (such as oil in fractured shales, kerogen in oil shale or bitumen in tar sands) constitute an enormous potential domestic supply of energy. 

DOE (US Department of Energy) (2007a). Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources. The Continuing Evolution of America s Oil Shale and Tar Sands Industries. Washington, DC Office of Petroleum Reserves, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/reserves/npr/ publications. 

In view of the domestic estimates, imports are almost redundant, It appears likely, however, that by 1985-1990 Canada will have about one million additional short tons of acid available for export. At least some would be available in PAD districts I and II, Furthermore, sulfur production from sour natural gas and tar sands is likely to increase. As transport problems are mitigated and formed sulfur gains acceptance, Canadian output will become available to districts I, II, and IV. Excluding the existing stockpile, the estimate for tar sands and heavy oil is... 

The current study is modeled after an NRC study that resulted in the 1990 report Fuels to Drive Our Future (NRC, 1990), which analyzed the status of technologies for producing liquid transportation fuels from domestic resources, such as biomass, coal, natural gas, oil shale, and tar sands. That study evaluated the cost of producing various liquid transportation fuels from these resources on a consistent basis, estimated opportunities for reducing costs, and identified R D needs to improve technologies and reduce costs. Fuels to Drive Our Future did not include the production and use of hydrogen, which is the subject of this committee s report. The statement of task for the committee was as follows ... 

The U.S. resources of oil shale and tar sands are estimated at about 2 trillion barrels and about 76 billion barrels, respectively. These huge unconventional oil resources are currently undeveloped (1,2). To develop these unconventional domestic energy resources several constraints, which include the presence of nitrogen and sulfur, which can lead to increased emission of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide respectively, need to be addressed. 

Domestic oil shale and tar sand deposits constitute a tremendous resource. The proven, recoverable oil shale reserves alone far exceed those remaining for petroleum. In light of this fact, it is not surprising that there are many people having trouble comprehending our vulnerable energy position. 

Attempts to develop a commercial oil shale industry historically have been on-again, off-again efforts. In almost yearly cyclical fashion, one has heard or read at least one paper enthusiastically suggesting the general theme, An Oil Shale Industry—Just Around The Corner. Until now, however, the corner has never been turned and the development pace of this sorely needed resource has been low key at best. All of our domestic heavy oil production and tar sands development endeavors have been in much the same category. 

Oil-impregnated rock deposits, more commonly referred to as tar sands, are found on every continent except Australia and Antarctica (1). The largest known deposits occur in northern Alberta, Canada, where two full-scale commercial plants for producing synthetic crude oil are in operation and two more plants have been approved for construction. Of the 24 states that contain tar sands in the United States, Ritzma (2) estimates that about 90-95 percent of these tar sands lie in Utah. Although the Utah deposits contain only about 25 billion barrels of in-place bitumen, compared to 900 billion barrels in Canada, as discussed by Ob lad et al. ( 3), the Utah deposits represent an important potential domestic source of synthetic petroleum. 

Speight, J. G. 2008. Synthetic Fuels Handbook Properties, Process and Performance. New York McGraw-Hill. Covers the production and properties of fuels made from natural gas and hydrates, petroleum and heavy oil, tar sand bitumen, coal, oil shale, and related nonpetroleum based products, such as wood, biomass, and domestic and industrial waste. 

The U.S. Department of Energy early realized that with the eventual depletion of crude oil reserves the long-term energy requirements of the United States could be met only by coal, tar sands, and oil shale, provided fusion and other forms of nonfossil energy prove to be unviable. In the medium term, domestic fuel needs can be met by natural gas since current estimates of total reserves... 

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