Distribution in the central nervous system

Several splice variants of MOP (formerly MOR-1) have been cloned (MOP-1A to MOR-1X). The B, C, andD variants differ in their amino acid sequence at the C-terminal end [4]. These receptor valiants differ in their distribution in the central nervous system and in the rate of internalization and desensitization upon... 

Other anesthetics susceptible to abuse, such as ether and chloroform, have received far less attention, because they are considered to be less commonly abused substances. Nonetheless, when inhaled, ether and chloroform are also rapidly absorbed and distributed in the central nervous system (CNS), inducing a rapid euphoria. Ether and chloroform inhalation is facilitated by the fact that they have a low boiling point (i.e., approximately 34°C) (Delteil et al. 1974). 

The anxiolytic potential of neuropeptide Y, a 36-amino acid peptide with a broad distribution in the central nervous system, has been demonstrated in... 

The effects of VIP are mediated by G protein-coupled receptors two subtypes, VPAC1 and VPAC2, have been cloned from human tissues. Both subtypes are widely distributed in the central nervous system and in the heart, blood vessels, and other tissues. VIP has a high affinity for both receptor subtypes. Binding of VIP to its receptors results in activation of adenylyl cyclase and formation of cAMP, which is responsible for the vasodilation and many other effects of the peptide. Other actions may be mediated by inositol trisphosphate synthesis and calcium mobilization. 

M. Aschner, K. E. Vrana, W. Zheng, Manganese uptake and distribution in the central nervous system (CNS), Neurotoxicology, 20 (1999), 173-180. 

Palkovits M (1979) Dopamine Levels of Individual Brain Regions Biochemical Aspects of DA Distribution in the Central Nervous System, pp. 343-356. Academic Press, London. 

Carraway R, Leeman SE (1976) Characterization of radioimmunoassayable neurotensin in the rat. Its differential distribution in the central nervous system, small intestine, and stomach. J Biol Chem 257 7045-7052. 

Yoshikawa K, Williams C, Sabol S. Rat brain preproenkephalin mRNA, cDNA cloning, primary structure, and distribution in the central nervous system. 1. Biol. Chem. 1984 259 14301-14308. 

NPY is a 36-amino acid peptide amide first isolated from porcine brain by Tatemoto et al. (23, 24) in 1982. It is found distributed in the central nervous system where it is involved in the control of blood pressure and appetite, and also in the... 

Anandamide amidohydrolase is likely to play an important role in the physiological degradation of anandamide. Three lines of evidence support this possibility. First, anandamide amidohydrolase is highly selective. Second, anandamide amidohydrolase is discretely distributed in the central nervous system, where its localization parallels that of cannabinoid receptors. 

Glutamic and Aspartic Acids - These two amino acids will be considered together since they have a similar action and distribution in the central nervous system and since there is as yet no antagonist which can totally differentiate the action of these agents. 

Distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) - HT, which was first detected in mammalian brain by Twarog and Page" and Amin occurs in the CNS of many vertebrate, more primitive species... 

Cottone E, Salio C, Conrath M, Franzoni MF (2003) Xenopus laevis CBI cannabinoid receptor molecular cloning and mRNA distribution in the central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 464 487-496... 

Martin BR, Dewey WL, Harris LS, Beckner JS (1976) 3H-A9-lclraliydrocannabinol tissue and subcellular distribution in the central nervous system and tissue distribution in peripheral organs of tolerant and nontolerant dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 196 128-144... 

Holmes, S. W. and Horton, E. W. (1968) The identification of four prostaglandins in dog brain and their regional distribution in the central nervous system. J. Physiol. (Load.), 195, 731-741. 

Due to the nature of mangafodipir administration, which typically occurs only once in a subject, no intermediate-duration studies in humans have been identified for this compound. Although there are a few intermediate-duration studies in animals (Grant and Larsen 1997 Grant et al. 1997 Treinen et al. 1995), they have focused primarily on reproductive and developmental effects. Studies of the potential neurological effects of exposure to this compound are lacking, although the reason for this may be due to the lack of evidence that the compound distributes in the central nervous system. As discussed previously, the... 

Among the soft tissues, lead is distributed to the bone marrow, liver and kidney (Barry 1975, Skerfving etal. 1993). Lead does, to some extent, pass the blood-brain barrier into the nervous system and, according to animal experiments, such passage is most likely higher in infants than in adults (Mahaffey 1983). Distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) is uneven, with higher levels in the hippocampus and amygdala. Lead concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid are very low, and seem to correlate positively with plasma lead concentrations rather than with B-Pb. 

The functions of CDF/LIF in vivo appear to differ from those of CNTF. As already described, the tissue distributions of CNTF and CDF/LIF are different. Among the peripheral tissues of rat innervated by sympathetic neurons, detectable amounts of CDF/LIF are expressed only in the foot pad, while CNTF is widely distributed. In the central nervous system, CDF/LIF is restricted to some visual neurons (Yamamori, 1991b), whereas CNTF is predominantly expressed in astrocytes of the optic nerve and olfactory bulb, and at moderate levels in other areas (Stbckli et al., 1991). Conversely, a specific receptor subunit for CNTF (CNTF-a) is expressed only in the nervous system and muscle, whereas gpl30 and LIF-R are expressed in most tissues (Ip et al., 1993). 

FGFR4 mRNA has an extremely restricted distribution in the central nervous system its expression is confined to the medial habenular nucleus (Itoh et al, 1994). 

Patients disabled by penetrating head and spinal cord injuries are estimated to constitute more than 1 1000 of the population of North America (Office of Technology Assessment, USA, 1990 see Logan and Berry 1993). Following the discovery that FGF-1 and FGF-2 have neurotrophic potential (Morrison et al., 1986 Walicke et al., 1986 Unsicker et al., 1987) and are widely distributed in the central nervous system (for review, see Unsicker et al., 1993), numerous studies therefore started to address the regulation of FGF expression in brain injuries and the possible involvement of FGFs in the response to injury. 

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