Disruptant pheromones

Park, D., Hempleman, S. C., and Propper, C. R. (2001). Endosuhan exposure disrupts pheromonal systems in the red-spotted newt a mechanism for subtle effects of environmental chemicals. Environmental Elealth Perspectives 109,669-673. 

In addition to mating-disruption pheromones, there are a number of naturally occurring, nonpheromonal attractants and repellents. Many are typically used as food additives or in cosmetics or perfumes, and are derived from diverse plant and animal sources. Capsaicin [44], the spicy component of chili peppers, is used in several bird, deer, and rodent repellents. Maple lactone [45], a common food additive and flavoring, is used in traps to attract cockroaches with its stale beer odor. Methyl... 

Figure 1. The Hereon Disrupt pheromone dispenser. Controlled amounts of active agent move from reservoir layer to surface and subsequent diffusion.

Growing shoots wilt and die. Cause Oriental fruit moth larvae. Slit the stem below the wilted portion and look for a pinkish white, A" caterpillar—the larva of an oriental fruit moth. Larvae tunnel into shoots and remain for 2 weeks before leaving to pupate for 10 days in cocoons suspended in trees. Larvae from later generations bore into and ruin fruit. Use pheromone traps to monitor and control the pests. Mating disruption pheromones, such as Isomate-M, are also effective. Replace them every 90 days throughout the growing season. For heavy infestations, spray superior oil to smother eggs and larvae. 

Krang AS (2007) Naphthalene disrupts pheromone induced mate search in the amphipod Cor-ophium volutator (Pallas). Aquat Toxicol 85 9-18... 

Keywords Pheromones Female moth Male attractants Chemical ecology Mating disruption... 

Different from the use of ordinal insecticides, this disruption method has high target selectivity and, as would be desired, ensures the survival of natural enemies. The sex pheromone, which shows no toxicity to mammals, is an ideal insect-behavior regulator (IBR). Table 8 shows the application areas of main mating disruptants for lepidopteran insects. In addition to the use of the synthetic pheromone of P. gossypiella in large cotton fields, many disruptants are... 

Chemicals that cycle in abundance are obvious candidates for consideration as pheromones. Armed with effective analytical techniques we can address the issue of cane toad chemical plasticity with respect to different variables (Table 39.1). We will also investigate the impact of crude and fractionated secretions on the behavior of cane toads, and compare these responses between the same groupings of animals, i.e. sex, life-stage, season etc. We have identified three stages in the cane toad life cycle that are likely controlled by chemical signals, and are an ideal place to start attempting to disrupt their chemical ecology. 

Pheromones are used primarily for monitoring pest populations, but their use as pest suppression tools has also been proposed. These alternative uses include mass trapping, mating disruption, and lure and kill. Although these approaches have been tried with varying levels of success in field and orchard crop systems, they have had limited application for the management of stored-product insects. 

Mating disruption involves the use of artificially produced high pheromone concentrations in a confined area to impede the ability of males to... 

Second, many bug species are polyphagous and highly mobile, moving rapidly between crops and native vegetation. For these species, strategies such as pheromone-based mating disruption cannot be employed, both because the insects may not be in the crop when the disruptant is deployed, and because previously mated females can readily immigrate into the crop. 

Male attraction to the female sex pheromone has been studied for the development of environmentally safe control methods. One important drawback of the mating disruption technique is that only male behaviour is affected, so the efficacy of pheromonal methods can be greatly enhanced by compounds that affect also female behaviour [378]. 

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